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Farmers’ Preferences Drive Success in Tree-Planting, Duke Scholar Finds

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Study Finds Farmers Prefer Boundary Tree Planting, Challenging Conventional Afforestation Programs


UK-based Duke University Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Danny Tobin has highlighted the crucial role of farmers’ preferences in shaping successful tree-planting programs. Speaking at Makerere University’s Environment for Development (EfD) Centre, Tobin presented findings from a study on smallholder farmers in southern India, exploring why they choose certain tree species and planting systems within an NGO-led afforestation program.

The study  titled, “Guiding Private Afforestation to raise public-Goods Provision : Exploring Farmers preferences for trees within an NGO Tree planting program in Southern India” was presented to a research seminar at Makerere University on March 9, 2026.

Dr. Danny Tobin presenting the study findings. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre research seminar by UK-based Duke University Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Danny Tobin's study titled, “Guiding Private Afforestation to raise public-Goods Provision : Exploring Farmers preferences for trees within an NGO Tree planting program in Southern India” 9th March 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Danny Tobin presenting the study findings.

Dr. Tobin presented what drives communities to take up different kinds of tree species, and even the planting system that they use, either planting on the boundary, intercropping, or cluster planting these different trees, either forest trees, timber trees, or the fruit and medicinal plants.

The study revealed that smallholder farmers strongly prefer planting trees along farm boundaries rather than within their crop fields, a finding that could significantly reshape the design of afforestation and agroforestry programs aimed at addressing climate change and biodiversity loss. The research examined how farmers make decisions about tree planting on private agricultural land and found that preferences vary widely depending on farmers’ economic conditions, farming practices, and environmental challenges. The study emphasizes that tree-planting initiatives must be carefully designed to align with farmers’ priorities if they are to deliver both environmental and livelihood benefits.

Dr. Danny Tobin presenting. Displayed on the screen is his study title. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre research seminar by UK-based Duke University Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Danny Tobin's study titled, “Guiding Private Afforestation to raise public-Goods Provision : Exploring Farmers preferences for trees within an NGO Tree planting program in Southern India” 9th March 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Danny Tobin presenting. Displayed on the screen is his study title.

The research focused on smallholder farmers living within five kilometers of two protected areas in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. Using a structured survey method known as a discrete choice experiment, the study collected responses from 400 farmers who were presented with different tree-planting options, including timber, fruit, mixed species, and medicinal trees arranged in various planting patterns such as farm boundaries, intercropping within fields, or clustered plots. The results showed a clear preference for planting timber trees along farm boundaries, which farmers viewed as the least disruptive to crop production and farm management.

According to the study findings, most farmers were willing to adopt boundary planting even without financial incentives. In contrast, options that required planting trees within crop fields such as fruit intercropping or clustered mixed-species plantations generally required compensation to encourage adoption. Programs that aimed to create dense clusters of mixed trees to support biodiversity would require the highest level of incentives, as these arrangements compete directly with agricultural land use.

Some of the participants attending the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre research seminar by UK-based Duke University Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Danny Tobin's study titled, “Guiding Private Afforestation to raise public-Goods Provision : Exploring Farmers preferences for trees within an NGO Tree planting program in Southern India” 9th March 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Some of the participants attending the seminar.

The study also identified several factors that influence farmers’ willingness to plant trees. Farmers with better resources such as higher income levels, irrigation systems, and higher education were generally more willing to adopt tree planting. Conversely, farmers with smaller land holdings, lower incomes, and harsher environmental conditions were less likely to adopt tree planting options. These results highlight how economic capacity and farm productivity shape decisions about integrating trees into agricultural landscapes.

Another important finding relates to human-wildlife conflict, a major challenge for farmers living near protected areas. The study found that farmers experiencing frequent wildlife damage were significantly less interested in planting fruit trees along their farm boundaries because fruit trees could attract animals such as elephants and wild boar. Instead, these farmers preferred timber trees, which they believed might help shield crops from wildlife intrusion.

Despite the overall preference for boundary planting, the research also revealed a surprising opportunity for biodiversity-focused interventions. About one-third of the farmers surveyed indicated that they would be willing to plant fruit trees inside their fields through intercropping or orchard-style arrangements without requiring compensation. This group represents a key target for programs seeking to increase tree cover and habitat connectivity in agricultural landscapes.

Some of the graduate students attending the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre research seminar by UK-based Duke University Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Danny Tobin's study titled, “Guiding Private Afforestation to raise public-Goods Provision : Exploring Farmers preferences for trees within an NGO Tree planting program in Southern India” 9th March 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Some of the graduate students attending the seminar.

Based on these findings, the study recommends that afforestation programs avoid rigid, one-size-fits-all approaches. Instead of targeting farmers based on observable characteristics such as age, income, or land size which the study found to be unreliable predictors of preferences the research suggests offering farmers a menu of tree-planting options. This flexible approach would allow farmers to choose arrangements that best fit their land, resources, and risk tolerance while still contributing to environmental goals.

The study concludes that successful tree-planting programs must balance environmental objectives with farmers’ economic realities. By incorporating farmers’ preferences into program design and offering flexible participation options, policymakers and environmental organizations can increase adoption rates, improve tree survival, and enhance the long-term benefits of afforestation initiatives for both rural livelihoods and the environment.

In his welcome remarks the Director EfD Makerere Centre, Prof. Edward Bbaale, underscored the importance of aligning environmental programs with farmers’ needs if afforestation initiatives are to succeed.

Prof. Edward Bbaale making his welcome remarks. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre research seminar by UK-based Duke University Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Danny Tobin's study titled, “Guiding Private Afforestation to raise public-Goods Provision : Exploring Farmers preferences for trees within an NGO Tree planting program in Southern India” 9th March 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Edward Bbaale making his welcome remarks.

Prof. Bbaale said the EfD committed to rigorous research at the intersection of environment, natural resources, and economic development. He noted that the centre regularly organizes research seminars to create a platform for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners to exchange ideas, present ongoing research, and engage in constructive academic dialogue on pressing development challenges.

Welcoming Dr. Tobin to the seminar,  Bbaale highlighted the longstanding collaboration between the EfD Mak Centre and Jeffrey Vincent, Professor of Forest Economics and Management at the Nicholas School of the Environment at Duke University. He explained that the partnership has produced important research on forestry, land use, and rural livelihoods over the past several years.

He pointed to a recent joint study conducted under the leadership of Patrick Byakagaba, a Senior Research Fellow at the EfD MakCentre, which examines the livelihood impacts of forest plantations on state-owned land. The research, titled Differential Livelihood Impacts of Eucalyptus and Pine Plantations on State-Owned Land, has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Forest Economics, marking what Prof. Bbaale described as the culmination of more than four years of collaborative work involving data collection and analysis.

Prof. Edward Bbaale speaking during the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre research seminar by UK-based Duke University Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Danny Tobin's study titled, “Guiding Private Afforestation to raise public-Goods Provision : Exploring Farmers preferences for trees within an NGO Tree planting program in Southern India” 9th March 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Edward Bbaale speaking during the seminar.

According to Bbaale, the seminar by Dr. Tobin builds on this strong partnership and reflects the growing collaboration between Makerere researchers and international scholars. He said the study being presented was co-authored with Prof. Vincent and addresses an issue of growing global and regional importance—how tree-planting programs can be designed to meet both environmental goals and the livelihood needs of farmers.

“The topic is highly relevant, not only to the global agenda on climate change mitigation and landscape restoration, but also to policy discussions taking place in Africa and Uganda in particular,” Prof. Bbaale said. He explained that as countries expand afforestation and reforestation initiatives, it is essential to understand farmers’ incentives, preferences, and livelihood realities to ensure that such programs achieve their intended ecological and social outcomes.

He noted that research like Dr. Tobin’s provides valuable insights into how private land-use decisions can be guided to generate both private benefits for farmers and broader public goods such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and improved ecosystem services.

Some of the participants during the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre research seminar by UK-based Duke University Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Danny Tobin's study titled, “Guiding Private Afforestation to raise public-Goods Provision : Exploring Farmers preferences for trees within an NGO Tree planting program in Southern India” 9th March 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Some of the participants during the seminar.

Prof. Bbaale also emphasized that the seminar reflects Makerere University’s growing focus on internationalization and research partnerships as the institution strengthens its position as a research-led university. He said collaborations with global institutions such as Duke University are critical for advancing knowledge, producing impactful research, and addressing complex environmental and development challenges.

He welcomed Dr. Tobin’s visit to Uganda as an important opportunity for knowledge exchange and engagement with students and researchers at the university. Prof. Bbaale concluded by expressing appreciation for the continued collaboration with Duke University scholars and said the centre looked forward to further joint research initiatives in the future.

Call for Stronger Research–Private Sector Linkages in Environmental Conservation

The Deputy Director of the EfD Mak Centre, Dr. Alice Turinawe, emphasized the need for stronger collaboration between researchers, the private sector, and other stakeholders to ensure that environmental conservation research translates into practical solutions.

Speaking during the closing session, Dr. Turinawe thanked participants for their active engagement and highlighted the importance of sharing research widely so that it can be improved through feedback and dialogue. She noted that meaningful environmental solutions emerge when research findings are openly discussed and refined by diverse stakeholders.

Dr. Alice Turinawe delivering her closing remarks. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre research seminar by UK-based Duke University Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Danny Tobin's study titled, “Guiding Private Afforestation to raise public-Goods Provision : Exploring Farmers preferences for trees within an NGO Tree planting program in Southern India” 9th March 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Alice Turinawe delivering her closing remarks.

Dr. Turinawe also commended the seminar presentation by visiting researcher Dr. Tobin, which explored conservation approaches and partnerships with farmers. She said the presentation underscored the importance of examining both private and public benefits in environmental interventions. According to her, such partnerships are essential for ensuring that conservation initiatives are both economically viable and socially beneficial.

She stressed that the EfD Mak Centre places strong emphasis on research that bridges the gap between academic work and real-world application. “One of our key goals is to ensure that the research conducted in our offices and in the field is connected to the private sector and other stakeholders who can implement the findings,” she said.

Dr. Turinawe further encouraged researchers to ensure that their findings are disseminated widely through platforms that can influence policy, development programs, and community practices. She noted that the impact of research depends largely on how effectively the results are shared and utilized.

Prof. Edward Bbaale , Dr. Danny Tobin, Dr Alice Turinawe and Gyaviira Ssewankambo after the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre research seminar by UK-based Duke University Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Danny Tobin's study titled, “Guiding Private Afforestation to raise public-Goods Provision : Exploring Farmers preferences for trees within an NGO Tree planting program in Southern India” 9th March 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Edward Bbaale , Dr. Danny Tobin, Dr Alice Turinawe and Gyaviira Ssewankambo after the seminar.

She concluded by appreciating the scholars and participants who attended the seminar despite their busy academic schedules, noting that their engagement keeps the centre’s research community vibrant and productive.

The EfD Mak Centre, based at Makerere University, focuses on generating evidence to support environmental and natural resource policy decisions. The centre brings together academia, policymakers, and practitioners to strengthen the use of economic evidence in addressing environmental challenges.

Practical and Policy-Relevant Insights Appreciated

Overall, participants noted that the seminar provided both practical and policy-relevant insights into understanding farmers’ preferences, improving tree-planting programs,and supporting sustainable environmental and economic outcomes.

EfD-Mak Centre Manager Gyaviira Ssewankambo said the study offered valuable insights into what motivates farmers to adopt different tree species such as forest trees, timber varieties, and medicinal plants. He explained that the research also addressed challenges faced by farmers, including the risks posed by wildlife. In some cases, farmers living near game parks avoid planting fruit trees for fear that animals such as elephants could destroy their crops. According to Ssewankambo, these experiences mirror situations in communities near protected areas in Uganda, suggesting that lessons from India could help shape local strategies for promoting afforestation.

Centre Manager Gyaviira Ssewankambo moderating the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre research seminar by UK-based Duke University Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Danny Tobin's study titled, “Guiding Private Afforestation to raise public-Goods Provision : Exploring Farmers preferences for trees within an NGO Tree planting program in Southern India” 9th March 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Centre Manager Gyaviira Ssewankambo moderating the seminar.

“Dr. Danny Tobin presented a very insightful study from India about forestry—what drives communities to take up different tree species, and the planting systems they use, whether on boundaries, intercropping, or cluster planting. We hope our Ugandan community can learn lessons, especially on issues like wildlife affecting fruit tree planting near game parks.”

He added that the study also examined the economic trade-offs farmers face when allocating land to trees rather than crops. While tree planting offers environmental and long-term economic benefits, farmers must weigh these gains against the immediate need for space to grow food crops. Ssewankambo expressed optimism that once the research is fully completed, it could provide important lessons for Uganda, just as EfD previously drew inspiration from forestry experiences in Nepal.

For Joab Wamani, an assistant lecturer at the School of Economics, the seminar was particularly valuable for its methodological insights. He noted that beyond the presentation’s clear communication, the research design and conceptualisation stood out. Wamani said the way the study framed its research questions and selected methods offered important learning points for researchers seeking to conduct rigorous environmental economics studies.

“His slides were clear and inspiring, but what really interested me was the research design—the way he conceptualised the topic, developed his research questions, and chose his methods. That was the main knowledge I took away.”

Research fellow John Bosco Oryem attending the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre research seminar by UK-based Duke University Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Danny Tobin's study titled, “Guiding Private Afforestation to raise public-Goods Provision : Exploring Farmers preferences for trees within an NGO Tree planting program in Southern India” 9th March 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Research fellow John Bosco Oryem attending the seminar.

Students who attended the seminar also reflected on practical lessons for farming and environmental management. Nyeko Francis, a Master’s student in Economic and Investment Modelling, said the discussion encouraged him to view tree planting as a routine agricultural activity rather than something done only for environmental protection.

“I learned that tree planting can be normalised like any other crop activity. For example, planting mangoes or oranges in a designated area can be planned and managed like a crop garden. Tree planting is more than just protecting boundaries—it can be integrated into regular farming for better yield.”

Similarly, doctoral student Mansur Sewali, a development economist specialising in economic policy and planning, said the seminar highlighted the broader benefits of afforestation. While tree planting brings direct returns to farmers, he noted that the environmental benefits extend to society as a whole, illustrating the connection between private investment and public good.

“Despite tree planting benefiting the individual farmer, these benefits can also pass on to society at large. That was the key point I took from the seminar.”

EfD research fellow Aisha Nanyiti emphasised the importance of incentives in promoting tree planting. She explained that countries like Uganda, where forests are rapidly being depleted, can benefit from policies that encourage farmers to adopt sustainable practices. Nanyiti said the study showed that many farmers prefer planting trees along farm boundaries, though some also favour intercropping trees with other crops. She added that continuous training and community sensitisation are essential to ensure both the adoption and survival of trees.

Dr. Aisha Nanyiti and other participants during the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre research seminar by UK-based Duke University Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Danny Tobin's study titled, “Guiding Private Afforestation to raise public-Goods Provision : Exploring Farmers preferences for trees within an NGO Tree planting program in Southern India” 9th March 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Aisha Nanyiti and other participants during the seminar.

“Farmers in India appreciated planting trees along boundaries and in intercropping systems. The key takeaway is that incentivising farmers is essential for adoption, but ongoing training and community sensitisation are equally important to ensure tree survival and environmental restoration.”

Another student, Nichirange Edida, said the seminar reinforced the importance of tree planting in addressing climate change and environmental conservation. He noted that boundary planting and intercropping allow farmers to maintain crop production while also protecting the environment. Inspired by the discussion, Edida said he hopes to apply these practices in his own farming activities.

“This seminar taught me how farmers can address climate change through planting trees, especially on boundaries and through intercropping. It conserves the environment while allowing farmers to grow fruit and timber trees. I believe I can apply this in my own farming.”

Jane Anyango is the Communication Officer, EfD-Mak Centre

Jane Anyango

Business & Management

Driving Sustainable Growth: Eco-Efficiency and Cleaner Production are vital in shaping the future of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

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A cross-section of participants pose for a group photo after the project dissemination workshop held at Makerere University. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

By Ritah Namisango and Christopher Kaahwa

On Wednesday, 15th April 2026, the School of Business under the College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS) at Makerere University hosted a project dissemination workshop that brought together researchers, practitioners, policymakers and faculty members.

The workshop focused on the presentation of findings and policy recommendations from the research project titled: Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda.

Opening the workshop, Associate Professor Godfrey Akileng, the Dean, School of Business represented by Dr. Anthony Tibaingana, the Head, Department of Marketing and Management welcomed participants and highlighted the role of research in connecting Makerere University to the wider community.

He noted that MSMEs form the backbone of Uganda’s economy making up the largest share of businesses across sectors and because of this, any meaningful research must speak directly to their realities.

Dr. Anthony Tibaingana delivers opening remarks at the workshop. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Anthony Tibaingana delivers opening remarks at the workshop.

The Dean of the School of Business commended the project team namely Dr. Marion Nanyanzi, Dr. Kasim Sendawula, and Associate Professor Peter K. Turyakira, for positively contributing to the university’s goal of being a research-led institution.

He explained that Eco-Efficiency (EE) is about using available resources wisely not just for today, but for tomorrow and generations to come. “In a country where most businesses operate on a small scale, understanding how to produce more with less is essential,” he said.

Dr. Tibaingana acknowledged the government of Uganda through the Makerere University Research and Innovation Fund (MakRIF) for funding the research project titled, Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda. He recognized Professor Fred Masagazi Masaazi, Chairperson of the Mak RIF Grants Management Committee (GMC) and thanked him, for gracing the dissemination workshop with his personal presence.

Achieving sustainable growth through eco-efficiency and cleaner production

The main presentation led by Dr. Marion Nanyanzi, the Principal Investigator (P.I.) unpacked the research project in a detailed and practical way. At its core, the study explored how MSMEs, particularly in the Food and Beverage (F&B) Service sector in Uganda can achieve sustainable growth by balancing three key areas: economic performance, environmental responsibility and social contribution.

From a social perspective, Dr. Nanyanzi stated that businesses were found to be playing an important role in creating jobs, supporting local suppliers, and contributing to community activities. She added that the study was also focused on reducing environmental harmful practices such as reliance on charcoal and firewood and adopting cleaner energy sources that would economically yield increased profits for enterprises.

Dr. Marion Nanyanzi, the Principal Investigator (P.I.) presents the project findings during the workshop. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Marion Nanyanzi, the Principal Investigator (P.I.) presents the project findings during the workshop.

The study revealed that while these enterprises significantly contribute to employment and government revenue, they face serious constraints pointing out that high operational costs especially electricity remain a major challenge. “ So, many businesses are forced to turn to cheaper alternatives that are harmful to both health and environment creating a difficult balance between survival and sustainability,” she said.

Amidst these challenges, the study highlighted the resilience and creativity of entrepreneurs. It was found out that many business owners have developed coping strategies to remain operational with some of them adjusting production depending on customer flow especially in areas such as Kampala where demand fluctuates with academic calendars. Dr. Nanyanzi noted that other entrepreneurs have found ways to manage resources more carefully for instance through switching on refrigerators at night when electricity tariffs are lower or re-using water to reduce costs.

Makerere University Guest House highlights its cleaner production strategy

Adding a practical perspective to the study, Mr. Patrick Ojiambo Lwande, the manager of Makerere University Guest House shared how cleaner production is being implemented by the facility in its everyday operations. He mentioned that the facility undertakes waste segregation, recycling and proper waste management as key practices. “Organic waste is separated and repurposed, recyclable materials are re-used and hazardous waste is carefully handled to avoid environmental pollution,” he stated.

Mr. Patrick Ojiambo Lwande, Manager of Makerere University Guest House, shares highlights on its cleaner production strategy. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Mr. Patrick Ojiambo Lwande, Manager of Makerere University Guest House, shares highlights on its cleaner production strategy.

Appreciation of eco-efficiency and cleaner production measures

These practices reflect an emerging understanding of eco-efficiency by business owners who are beginning to recognize that reducing waste and conserving resources can directly improve their production line.

The study also found out that many enterprises are making efforts towards cleaner production. Hygiene standards are being improved, waste is better managed and emissions are controlled through simple measures such as chimneys and ventilation system. In some cases, food waste is used as animal feed while other organic materials are re-used in farming. However, the progress to transition towards more sustainable practices is slowed down by various obstacles including limited financial capacity, lack of technical skills and low awareness among business owners.

Key recommendations

To address these gaps, the project team proposed the following practical recommendations:

  • Increasing access to affordable financing by government and financial institutions through introducing subsidies, grants, or low-interest green financing schemes to support investment in cleaner production technologies,
  • Promoting  public-private partnerships to lower the cost of eco-efficient equipment and infrastructure,
  • Undertaking capacity building and training programmes, awareness and sensitization campaigns,
  • Strengthening institutional and regulatory frameworks, research and innovation support,
  • Providing support for small and informal businesses by designing tailored interventions for micro and small enterprises, and
  • Encouraging business clustering and cooperative models to enable shared access to eco-efficient technologies and resources.

MakRIF supports research that addresses national priorities

Professor Fred Masagazi Masaazi, Chairperson of Mak-RIF Grants Management Committee (GMC) emphasized the importance of research that addresses national priorities, noting that government support for research is meant to generate practical solutions.

Professor Fred Masagazi Masaazi, Chairperson of Mak-RIF Grants Management Committee (GMC) addresses participants. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Professor Fred Masagazi Masaazi, Chairperson of Mak-RIF Grants Management Committee (GMC) addresses participants.

Professor Masagazi Masaazi highlighted the critical role of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda’s economy, describing the research presented as both timely and relevant. “This is exactly the kind of research Uganda needs — research that directly impacts society and supports economic transformation,” he said.

He encouraged researchers to explore collaborations across disciplines. “Bringing together expertise from different fields can lead to stronger and more impact-oriented solutions that respond to the country’s development needs,” he added. He also called for greater engagement with policymakers and industry players during dissemination.

Research and Industry pathways

The Dean, School of Business, Associate Professor Godfrey Akileng urged researchers, faculty and participants at the dissemination workshop to rethink how research translates into real economic value, emphasizing stronger research to industry pathways at Makerere University and beyond.

Associate Professor Godfrey Akileng, the Dean, School of Business. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Associate Professor Godfrey Akileng, the Dean, School of Business.

Promoting environmental compliance

Mr. Peter Ssekajja, Senior Environmental Officer (Cleaner Production), National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) informed participants about the ongoing efforts to promote environmental compliance, referencing the establishment of a Compliance Assistance Unit and the introduction of the National Environment Sustainability Awards as some of the supporting measures.

He stated that these initiatives aim to support businesses in adopting sustainable practices while recognizing those that are leading the way. “Environment is no longer just about enforcement, but also about guidance, innovation and collaboration,” he emphasized.

Mr. Peter Ssekajja, Senior Environmental Officer (Cleaner Production) from NEMA delivers his remarks during the workshop. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Mr. Peter Ssekajja, Senior Environmental Officer (Cleaner Production) from NEMA delivers his remarks during the workshop.

Mr. Ssekajja reflected on the changing nature of environmental challenges as populations grow and resources becoming more strained. He appealed for efficient and responsible use of resources by business owners. He implored the business owners to consider sustainability not as a burden, but as an opportunity.

Participants enlightened on eco-efficiency and cleaner production

Dr. Jude Mugarura, the Head, Department of Marketing and Management, appreciated the dissemination workshop which presented them with an opportunity to listen to both the research project team and two practitioners namely Makerere University Guest House, and the National Management Environment Authority (NEMA). “We are therefore able to bridge the academia and the field of practice,” said Dr. Mugarura.

Dr. Jude Mugarura, the Head, Department of Marketing and Management at CoBAMS. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Jude Mugarura, the Head, Department of Marketing and Management at CoBAMS.

Dr. Seperia Bwadene Wanyama, from the School of Business, thanked Mr. Peter Ssekajja from NEMA for his presentation on cleaner production and eco-efficiency, which demonstrated to the participants some of the day-to-day wasteful practices with respect to resources, that they were engaged in, without knowing the implications. A key highlight focused on the usage of water in toilets which indicates the button to press after a short call, and the one to press after a long call, which would greatly save water consumption. “Learning is a continuous process. I have learned from the presentations of the findings by the research project team, as well as, Mr. Peter Ssekajja, who provided an informative presentation on real life practices on eco-efficiency and cleaner production.”

Conclusion: Toward a Clean and Resilient Economy

The workshop concluded with a strong call for collective action to support MSMEs in adopting eco-efficient practices. With the right support, small businesses can become engines of sustainable development.  “This study provides practical insights that, if implemented, can transform MSMEs into drivers of sustainable development,” Dr. Sendawula emphasized.

Some of the participants in the project dissemination workshop. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Some of the participants in the project dissemination workshop.

Overall, the research outlines a clear pathway toward a greener, more resilient Ugandan economy—where MSMEs thrive while contributing to environmental sustainability and social well-being.

Ritah Namisango
Ritah Namisango

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Business & Management

Academia Urged to Probe Donor Behaviour as Aid Cuts Threaten Service Delivery

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Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

Academics, researchers and students at Makerere University have been urged to deepen research into whether international donors cooperate or compete in the provision of aid, amid growing concerns that shifts by major funders could significantly affect service delivery in developing countries.

The call was made during a public lecture delivered on April 16, 2026, by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” The lecture, part of the Environment for Development Initiative seminar series, attracted faculty, researchers and students .

A section of participants attending the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
A section of participants attending the seminar.

Ferriere, an Associate  Professor at Sciences Po Aix affiliated with the Aix-Marseille School of Economics, is in Uganda for a two-week research engagement involving consultations with government institutions including the Ministries of Finance and Health as well as local governments.

Study Donor Reactions to Aid Withdrawals

Ferriere said her research focuses on how donors respond when a major funder withdraws support particularly in sensitive sectors such as family planning.

“My research here is about the interaction between family planning providers’ aid. I look at how the withdrawal of US aid in given years affects the spending of other donors,” she explained.

She noted that her findings show a delayed but concerning pattern.

Nathalie Ferriere explaining the study findings. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Nathalie Ferriere explaining the study findings.

“Once the US stops giving family planning aid, other donors at the beginning do not react for one or two years but after, they also start to reduce funding,” she said.

Ferriere warned that such trends could have direct implications for countries like Uganda, where a significant portion of health services relies on foreign aid.

Dr. Wakida during the question and answer session. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Wakida during the question and answer session.

“If you have a decrease in this aid, you will have a decrease in family planning provision,” she said adding that governments must anticipate such shifts.

“If you want to keep the same level of services, the government should increase its own expenditure. My next research will be to understand how governments respond in such situations,” she added.

Nathalie Ferriere responding to questions. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Nathalie Ferriere responding to questions.

Lecture Opens New Research Frontiers

College Principal and EfD centre Director  Edward Bbaale described the lecture as timely and aligned with the university’s strategic direction to strengthen research and international collaboration.

“The topic speaks a lot to me because it opens up research frontiers. What should we really take on as researchers? How else can we look at cooperation or competition in terms of aid?” Bbaale said.

Prof. Edward Bbaale making his welcome and opening remarks. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Edward Bbaale making his welcome and opening remarks.

He commended Ferriere for partnering with Makerere researchers on aid-related studies, noting that such collaborations are critical for building a research-driven institution.

“We are excited that of all universities in Africa, you chose to work with researchers from Makerere University,” he said.

Some of the attendees. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Some of the attendees.

Bbaale emphasized that the university is positioning itself as a research-led institution, with internationalization and partnerships at its core.

“A research university is not only about teaching. It is about meetings like this to exchange ideas, to understand where we are and where we are going,” he added.

Donor Behaviour Key to Development Outcomes

Lecturer John Bosco Oryema said the lecture underscored the importance of understanding donor dynamics for countries dependent on external funding.

Dr. John Bosco Oryema reacts to the study findings. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. John Bosco Oryema reacts to the study findings.

“When a big donor behaves in a specific way, other donors will follow in the same way,” Oryema noted.

“For developing countries that depend on aid, we need to study the behaviour of our donors. When one reduces, others may also reduce, and our development interventions may fail,” he warned.

Alice Nalweera during the discussion session. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Alice Nalweera during the discussion session.

Researcher Alice Nalwera highlighted the tendency of donors to align their decisions based on actions taken by leading funders.

“Most donors tend to cooperate and follow what others are doing. There is an aspect of information sharing,” she said.

Female students interact during the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Female students interact during the seminar.

“What the US is doing will greatly influence what other donors do in terms of disbursement,” she added..

Evelyn Nizame, a third-year economics student said cooperation among donors is essential.

Some of the students attending the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Some of the students attending the seminar.

“It is very important for donors to cooperate on key projects to deliver quality services to the people,” she said.

Another student, Nabakoza Joan, emphasized the risks of fragmented aid.  “When there is a lot of competition, there is fragmentation of funds. But if donors cooperate under one policy, it leads to better outcomes for developing countries,” she explained.

Participants in a group photo with the visiting professor after the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Participants in a group photo with the visiting professor after the seminar.

Jane Anyango

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EfD Uganda sends off internee Ruth Asiimwe to African Development Bank, prides in strong mentorship

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Ruth Asiimwe (in Red dress) cuts the cake in honor of her departure on 16th April 2026. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

Environment for Development (EfD) Centre at Makerere University on 16th April 2026  bid farewell to its third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who has secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, with staff and alumni hailing the programme’s growing record of nurturing top talent.

Asiimwe’s departure adds to a list of successful transitions by EfD interns into key national and international institutions. The centre’s first intern, Alice Nalweera, joined the Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC) before becoming an assistant lecturer at Makerere University’s School of Economics, while the second, Lean Ankunda, was recruited by the Bank of Uganda.

Speaking at the farewell, Policy Engagement Specialist Peter Babyenda said Asiimwe’s achievement reflects the strength of EfD’s mentorship model.

Dr. Peter Babyenda speaking during the function. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Peter Babyenda speaking during the function.

“In the same way we bid farewell to Alice and Lean as they moved on to EPRC and Bank of Uganda respectively, today we are here again because of the mentorship we are providing,” Babyenda said. “Ruth is now joining the African Development Bank in Juba, and we are proud of her.”

Babyenda also credited the EfD leadership and partners, noting that the Sida-funded centre, established in 2019, has consistently invested in building research capacity among young scholars.

Centre core staff in a photo moment with outgoing intern Ruth Asiimwe (3rd Left). Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Centre core staff in a photo moment with outgoing intern Ruth Asiimwe (3rd Left).

“We started this mentorship programme to help students learn from what we are doing and become researchers. Wherever you go, please represent us well,” he added.

“A nursery bed for young professionals”

The Director of the EfD Makerere Centre, Prof. Edward Bbaale, described the centre as a “nursery bed” for young professionals, emphasizing its role in shaping future leaders.

“EfD is a place where we nurture seedlings and later transplant them into the main garden. Ruth has been very diligent and professional, and I have no doubt she will represent us well,” Bbaale said.

Prof. Edward Bbaale appreciating Ms. Ruth Asiimwe as visiting Prof. Nathalie and colleague listen. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Edward Bbaale appreciating Ms. Ruth Asiimwe as visiting Prof. Nathalie and colleague listen.

He added that Asiimwe’s move extends the centre’s influence beyond Uganda. “She is not leaving the EfD network; rather, our footprint is expanding to the African Development Bank and to another country. This makes collaboration easier and strengthens our presence.”

Centre Manager and Supervisor Gyaviira Ssewankambo said the internship programme was introduced to strengthen internal capacity and has since evolved into a critical talent pipeline.

Asiimwe Ruth, Center Manger Gyaviira Ssewankambo and Kevin Apolot in a group photo. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Asiimwe Ruth, Center Manger Gyaviira Ssewankambo and Kevin Apolot in a group photo.

“Ruth has made us proud. She set a high benchmark, and we expect those coming in to build on that,” Ssewankambo said.

Research Fellow Dr. Nicholas Kilimani highlighted the importance of targeted mentorship and talent identification in building a strong team.

Dr. Nicholas Kilimani praising Asiimwe for discipline. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Nicholas Kilimani praising Asiimwe for discipline.

“We are dealing with highly specialised talent. The approach of identifying and nurturing dedicated young professionals has paid off, and Ruth is a clear example,” he said.

Staff members also praised Asiimwe’s character, describing her as humble, disciplined, and professional. Data Manager Fred Kasalirwe noted that beyond academic excellence, her soft skills set her apart.

Data Manager Fred Kasalirwe praising Asiimwe for humility and respect. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Data Manager Fred Kasalirwe praising Asiimwe for humility and respect.

“You may be academically strong, but without soft skills it is difficult to thrive. Ruth is extremely humble and will blend well in any environment,” he said.

Administrative Officer Hilda Makune echoed similar sentiments, saying Asiimwe’s positive attitude and interpersonal skills made her stand out.

Ms. Hilda Makune (Standing) appreciating Asiimwe for the social skills. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Ms. Hilda Makune (Standing) appreciating Asiimwe for the social skills.

“We will miss her. Her humility and teamwork have been exceptional, and we are confident she will represent us well,” Makune said.

Alice Nalwera, the pioneer intern, urged Asiimwe to uphold the centre’s reputation and inspire others.

Alice Nalweera was the first intern and set the pace. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Alice Nalweera was the first intern and set the pace.

“Wherever we go, we carry EfD with us. Talk good about the centre and inspire other young women to follow this path,” Nalwera said.

In her remarks, Asiimwe credited EfD for shaping her professional journey, emphasizing the importance of a supportive work environment.

Ms. Ruth Asimwe during the send off. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Ms. Ruth Asimwe during the send off.

“I have learned that working in a good environment with supportive leadership motivates you to do better. EfD has given me that foundation,” she said.

She also thanked her supervisors and colleagues for mentorship and guidance, noting that the experience had prepared her for the demands of her new role.

Asiimwe hands over to Kevin Apolot. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Asiimwe hands over to Kevin Apolot.

Asiimwe’s departure coincided with the introduction of a new intern, Kevin Apolot, who takes over as the centre continues its mentorship programme aimed at producing the next generation of researchers and policy professionals.

Incoming intern Kevin Apolot bidding farewell to her predecessor. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Incoming intern Kevin Apolot bidding farewell to her predecessor.

Jane Anyango

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