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World Malaria Day 2026: Makerere scientists have found the countdown clock for when Ugandan children will die from malaria: The question is whether anyone is listening

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Makerere University scientists have found the countdown clock for when Ugandan children will die from malaria: The question is whether anyone is listening. Photo: Nano Banana 2, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Makerere University scientists have found the countdown clock for when Ugandan children will die from malaria: The question is whether anyone is listening. Photo: Nano Banana 2

On a day when the world declares it can and must end malaria, new research from Eastern Uganda shows climate change is working against us and that the evidence to fight back exists right here at home

Special Feature | World Malaria Day, 25 April 2026

By Health and Science Correspondent

Today, 25 April 2026, Uganda joins the rest of the world in marking World Malaria Day under the global theme: “Driven to End Malaria: Now We Can. Now We Must.” It is a rallying cry rooted in genuine optimism. Since 2000, 2.3 billion malaria cases and 14 million deaths have been averted globally. Forty-seven countries have been certified malaria-free, and between 2000 and 2024, the number of malaria-endemic countries fell sharply from 108 to 80.

Uganda is not one of those success stories, not yet. Malaria is endemic in 96% of Uganda, accounting for 29.1% of outpatient visits and 39.5% of hospital admissions, with over 17,556 estimated malaria deaths annually, the highest burden falling on children under five years of age. And on this World Malaria Day, a new alarm has been sounded from the heart of one of Uganda’s most malaria-burdened communities, not by foreign researchers, not by a distant global health organisation, but by scientists at Makerere University, drawing on two decades of data they have collected in the villages of Iganga and Mayuge in Eastern Uganda.

Their message is urgent: climate change is silently and measurably worsening Uganda’s malaria crisis. But this is the equally important half of the story. They have now identified the precise conditions under which children die, and exactly how long in advance those deaths can be predicted. Uganda has, for the first time, a scientifically validated early warning system for climate-driven malaria mortality. Whether the country chooses to use it is now a question of political will, not scientific capacity.

The study and the platform that made it possible

Published in BMC Public Health in August 2025, the study — “Climate-driven malaria mortality among children in malaria-endemic areas of Uganda” — was led by Dan Kajungu of Makerere University‘s Centre for Health and Population Research (MUCHAP). It analysed 14 years of weekly malaria death data from January 2008 to December 2022 matched against climate variables, using a sophisticated time-series statistical approach called the Distributed Lag Non-linear Model.

The data came from the Iganga Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (IMHDSS), the population research platform that Makerere University has operated continuously since 2005. The IMHDSS population cohort collects data from 65 villages located within an area of 155 square kilometres, monitoring a population of close to 100,000 people. The site has 23 health facilities, including two general hospitals, and a bimodal tropical climate with rainfall seasons from March to May and September to November.

What makes the IMHDSS extraordinary and what made this study possible is its method of capturing deaths. Rather than relying on hospital registers that miss the majority of rural deaths, malaria deaths were identified using verbal autopsies and the InterVA algorithm, a probabilistic tool that uses verbal autopsy questionnaires and Bayesian statistical techniques to estimate the probabilities of various causes of death based on signs and symptoms reported by bereaved families. Three different WHO verbal autopsy tools are used, tailored for neonates, children, and adults respectively.

In other words, when a child dies in a village in Iganga, the IMHDSS knows about it. It interviews the family. It determines why the child died. And it has been doing this, without interruption, for twenty years. The result is a dataset that is both scientifically rare and profoundly Ugandan, generated here, about us, by our own researchers.

A total of 858 malaria-related deaths were recorded in the Iganga-Mayuge districts between 2008 and 2022. Of these, 53% were among males and 47% females. The vast majority, about 73% occurred among children under five years of age, while the fewest deaths occurred among those aged 15 to 49 years. Males exhibited higher mortality proportions across all age groups, except among the elderly.

Eight hundred and fifty-eight deaths. Each one a child or adult with a name, a family, a community. Each one counted.

The finding that changes everything: Uganda now has a malaria early warning system

The scientific heart of this study, the finding that every health planner, every district malaria coordinator, and every Minister of Health in Uganda should understand is this: the researchers have identified the exact temperature and rainfall thresholds at which malaria deaths among children rise, and how many weeks in advance those deaths can be predicted.

The study found an increased mortality risk across all ages at a lag of 11 to 12 weeks following exposure to rainfall above 646 mm. Higher risks of malaria mortality were also observed at a lag of 5 to 11 weeks when temperatures ranged between 25.2°C and 29.9°C. Critically, the relative risk of malaria mortality in children under five years and children aged between 5 and 14 years was more sensitive to temperature than to rainfall.

Read that again, slowly. When temperatures in Eastern Uganda climb into the range of 25.2°C to 29.9°C, children begin dying of malaria five to eleven weeks later. When extreme rainfall events exceed 646 mm, deaths rise eleven to twelve weeks after that exposure. Uganda’s meteorological service measures temperature and rainfall continuously. Uganda’s health system manages malaria interventions. These two systems have never been formally connected, but the science to connect them now exists.

This is what a malaria early warning system looks like. Not a foreign technology imported at great expense. Not a satellite system requiring international expertise to interpret. A Ugandan scientific finding, produced from Ugandan data, that tells Ugandan health authorities: when you see these weather conditions, stock your health centres, distribute your bed nets, deploy your community health workers, and prepare, because the deaths are coming in six to twelve weeks if you do not act.

On this World Malaria Day, when the global community declares that ending malaria is now possible, Uganda has precisely this tool in its hands. The only question is whether it will use it.

Climate change is not a future threat, it is already killing children

The global theme for World Malaria Day 2026 carries urgency partly because climate change, conflict, and humanitarian crises continue to drive malaria resurgence and disrupt essential services. The Makerere study puts specific, local flesh on that global warning.

Malaria is climate-sensitive, changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and relative humidity affect the dynamics and intensity of malaria transmission by influencing the habitats of mosquitoes and parasites and their biological growth cycle. Climate remains an indirect cause of malaria mortality by affecting parasite development during periods of high rainfall and temperatures, leading to increased transmission, morbidity, and severe malaria outcomes.

The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the species responsible for almost all malaria deaths in Uganda requires specific temperature ranges to complete its development inside the Anopheles mosquito. Too cold, and development slows or stops. Too hot, and it also stops. But within the range that Eastern Uganda increasingly inhabits, and will inhabit more frequently as global temperatures rise, the parasite thrives, multiplies, and kills.

The World Malaria Report 2025 warns that drug resistance is now confirmed in four African countries including Uganda, where artemisinin partial resistance has been detected. Insecticide resistance to pyrethroids – the main chemical on bed nets is now confirmed in 48 out of 53 reporting countries. As the tools Uganda currently relies on including bed nets, indoor spraying, artemisinin-based drugs face mounting biological resistance, the importance of climate-informed prevention strategies grows exponentially. Deploying interventions at exactly the right time, guided by weather data, becomes not just efficient but essential.

The children most at risk: a finding that demands a policy response

Among the study’s most striking findings is the specific vulnerability of school-age boys. A group almost entirely absent from Uganda’s current malaria prevention architecture.

Male children aged between 5 and 14 years were found to be more vulnerable to temperature-related malaria mortality compared to females in that age group and compared to children under five years. Rainfall did not have a significant association with malaria mortality in children.

Uganda’s National Malaria Control Programme, like most in sub-Saharan Africa, has historically concentrated resources on two priority groups: children under five and pregnant women. These groups are undeniably vulnerable and deserve protection. But this study shows that school-age boys are dying from temperature-driven malaria at rates that demand their inclusion in prevention strategies.

School-aged children between 5 and 14 years have higher malaria prevalence, with 70% carrying the malaria parasite asymptomatically in high transmission settings. They carry the parasite silently, sustaining transmission in their communities, and they die when temperatures rise, particularly the boys, who in rural Uganda spend more time outdoors, sleep less consistently under nets, and receive less parental health supervision than their sisters as they grow older.

The study’s area is itself among the most heavily burdened in Uganda. The Iganga-Mayuge area has a malaria prevalence rate of 39.4% in children under five years old, making it one of the areas in Uganda most severely impacted by malaria, and the disease is the leading cause of mortality in children there. In such a high-transmission setting, the combination of asymptomatic carriage, temperature-driven transmission spikes, and inadequate prevention coverage for school-age children is a formula for preventable death.

On World Malaria Day 2026, as Uganda declares its commitment to ending malaria, the national malaria strategy must be updated to reflect this evidence. School-based distribution of insecticide-treated nets, school health programmes that include malaria education and early symptom recognition, and targeted community outreach for families with boys aged 5 to 14 are not optional additions, they are evidence-based necessities.

The platform: Makerere‘s IMHDSS as a national asset for malaria elimination

None of the findings in this study would have been possible without the IMHDSS and on World Malaria Day, it is worth being explicit about what that platform represents for Uganda’s future.

The IMHDSS platform has measured various indicators about coverage and uptake of national interventions including the coverage and utilisation of immunisation and vaccines, mosquito nets for malaria vector control, household income improvement, and family planning, and other behaviour change interventions at community level, strengthening the evaluation of burden of disease at the subnational level.

For malaria specifically, the IMHDSS has now produced the most granular mortality data in Uganda’s history capturing not just how many children die, but exactly which weather conditions preceded those deaths, which sex and age group is most vulnerable, and what the biological and epidemiological mechanisms are that connect climate to the grave. This is the kind of intelligence that a National Malaria Control Programme needs to move from reactive crisis management to proactive, evidence-driven prevention.

Scarcity of quality data remains a key development bottleneck in low and middle-income countries, and the Iganga-Mayuge HDSS represents a Makerere University platform for research and research training with a population-based cohort that longitudinally generates data for evidence-based decisions and policy.

Uganda’s malaria elimination goal, to bring mortality to zero will not be achieved by effort and goodwill alone. It requires data. It requires the kind of longitudinal, community-level, cause-of-death data that only a platform like the IMHDSS can generate. And it requires the institutional will to connect that data to the decisions that determine whether children live or die.

What must happen now

The global call on World Malaria Day 2026 is clear: “Now We Can. Now We Must.” For Uganda, the Makerere climate-malaria study translates that call into three specific and achievable actions.

First, the Ministry of Health and Uganda National Meteorological Authority must establish a formal, operational malaria early warning system. One that uses real-time weather monitoring to trigger predetermined health system responses when temperature and rainfall thresholds identified by this research are breached. The science is ready. The infrastructure for meteorological monitoring exists. What is needed is the institutional bridge between them.

Second, Uganda’s National Malaria Control Programme must extend its prevention focus to include school-age children, particularly boys aged 5 to 14, in all high-transmission areas. Bed net campaigns must reach schools, not just health centres and antenatal clinics. Community health workers must be equipped to identify and treat malaria in this age group as a priority.

Third, and most fundamentally, the Government of Uganda must formally recognise and domestically resource the IMHDSS as national public health infrastructure. The 2024 global malaria funding of US$3.9 billion was less than half of the US$9.3 billion target, leaving a projected shortfall of US$5.4 billion that leaves the response dangerously under-resourced. In a world where international health financing is under historic pressure, Uganda cannot afford to have its most powerful evidence-generation platform dependent entirely on foreign philanthropy. The IMHDSS is a Ugandan asset. It must be funded as one.

Today, children in Iganga and Mayuge are alive who might not be, because the research generated by the IMHDSS informed the malaria interventions that reached their communities. Today, Makerere scientists have given Uganda a tool, a climate-based early warning system for malaria deaths that no other country in East Africa currently possesses.

Now we can. Now we must.

The evidence is there. The science is done. The only thing Uganda needs now is the will to act on it.

“Climate-driven malaria mortality among children in malaria-endemic areas of Uganda” is published open-access in BMC Public Health, Volume 25, Article 2825, August 2025. Full text available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-025-23678-0

The Iganga Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (IMHDSS) is operated by MUCHAP, Makerere University. Contact: info@muchap.mak.ac.ug or dkajungu@muchap.mak.ac.ug| Tel: +256 772 207127 (Dr. Dan Kajungu)

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The silent teachers: why body donation matters

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June 5, 2026

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Assoc. Prof. Erisa Sabakaki Mwaka, Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon and Chair, Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS). Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

By Assoc. Prof. Erisa Mwaka and Joyce Nabukalu-Kiwanuka

In every hospital, there is a moment when knowledge becomes a matter of life and death. A doctor must know where to place an incision, how to avoid damaging major organs, how to identify a nerve, how to deliver a baby safely, how to interpret a scan, or how to explain disease to a worried family. That knowledge does not begin in the operating theatre, it begins much earlier, in the anatomy laboratory.

For generations, the study of the human body has been the foundation of medical education. The regular use of human bodies for medical training purposes began in the late Middle Ages and spread during the 18th and 19th centuries. Initially, anatomists depended on gallows, poor houses, mental asylums, or jails as sources of bodies. However, the 1960s and 1970s saw the emergence of wilful body donation. Before students become doctors, surgeons, dentists, nurses, physiotherapists, radiographers, and other health professionals, they must first understand the human body in its real form. They must learn not only from books and diagrams, but from the body itself. This is why cadavers, though silent, remain the most important teachers in medical education. In simple terms, a cadaver is a dead human body used by health professions students to study anatomy; and Anatomy is the study of the physical structure and organization of the human body, both at macroscopic and microscopic levels.

As the Department of Anatomy at Makerere University College of Health Sciences  prepares to commemorate the “silent teachers” whose bodies are used for medical education on June 11, 2026,  Uganda is invited to reflect on a subject that is rarely discussed in the public domain, willed body donation. Body donation simply means a person willfully donates their body for educational purposes after death, and consent to it in life. This is a sensitive topic, but it is also a deeply human one. It touches our beliefs, families, culture, understanding of death, and responsibility to future generations.This commemoration ceremony is not symbolic but, it is a public statement that the contribution of silent teachers is sacred, educational, and deeply appreciated.

To donate one’s body after death is not an ordinary decision; it is an altruistic act of extraordinary generosity. It is a final gift to society. It allows health professions students to learn and appreciate the human body before they treat living patients. Cadavers are therefore not “specimens”, they are silent teachers and partners in medical education who continue to serve humanity even after death. Learning anatomy using a cadaver helps students to understand and appreciate the complexity of the human body, appreciate its natural variations, and develop the confidence and competence needed to serve the public. Students are also taught laboratory etiquette that emphasises dignity, empathy, and utmost respect for the cadavers, which attributes they carry into the clinical years when they interface with hospital patients.

In Uganda, where the demand for health workers continues to grow, medical education must be strengthened at every level. Our country needs well-trained doctors and health professionals who can serve in hospitals, health centres, universities, research institutions, and communities. But good training requires good teaching resources. One of these resources are the silent teachers who never complain, but impart immeasurable knowledge to future health professionals. Modern technology has introduced many useful tools into medical education. Students can now learn from videos, computer applications, digital images, plastic models, three-dimensional models, and virtual platforms. These tools are important and should be embraced, however, they cannot completely replace learning from the real human body. A cadaver teaches what a diagram cannot fully show; the true position of organs, the texture of tissues, the relationship between structures, and the natural differences that exist from one person to another. More importantly, cadaver-based learning teaches respect. It reminds students that medicine is not simply a technical profession, it is a calling rooted in human dignity. The first lesson students learn in the anatomy laboratory is that the body before them belonged to a person who had a name, a family, a story, and a life. That lesson shapes how they later treat patients.

Currently, most, if not all universities in Uganda, and similar settings in Africa use unclaimed bodies for learning Anatomy. The use of cadavers in Uganda is governed by the Penal Code (Anatomy Rules) of 1957 that permits public hospitals to transfer bodies unclaimed for at least 14 days to a medical training institution like Makerere University. Unfortunately, these cadavers are used without the consent of the deceased because most of them are unknown and with no known relatives to claim them. Many opponents to the use of unclaimed bodies opine that the practice is unethical. There is a global push toward ethical use of cadavers in medical education, where a person consents and bequeathes his/her body for medical education when still alive. For this practice to be sustainable, there is a need for a well regulated body donation program. Unfortunately, the concept of willful body donation is still not well understood by many people, and neither has it been a topic of public debate. Further, there are lots of myths surrounding death and dying in Africa, including Uganda that have hindered the establishment of successful body donation programs. Willingness to donate bodies for medical education is however, influenced by several factors including cultural and religious beliefs, respect for the dead and the need to fulfil burial rites, fear for mutilation and disrespect, to mention a few. These concerns are real and should not be dismissed. But they should be addressed with accurate information, openness, and utmost respect.

It is important to understand that body donation does not mean that a person is forgotten. On the contrary, it creates a legacy. A body donor may teach hundreds of future health professionals, in that way, one person’s final act of generosity can touch and save countless lives.  This is kind of patriotism is largely unkown in Uganda and we do not speak about enough. We often talk about serving our country through leadership, business, farming, teaching, parenting, or community service. But there is also service beyond life. Body donation is one way of saying: “Even when I am gone, let me contribute to the health of my people.”

Currently, Uganda now has more than 15 universities training medical students and the demand for cadavers for learning anatomy is on the rise. Actually, the supply of cadavers cannot fulfil the demand, and medical educationists need to find alternative source of cadavers. Wilful body donation is the answer. 

Uganda needs a national conversation on body donation. There is a need for deliberative public engagement involving various stakeholder including the public, religious and cultural leaders, civic leaders, the media, educationists, health professionals, medical training institutions, etc. 

This commemoration ceremony will involve inter-denominational prayers for the silent teachers, and a reflection of their contribution to healthcare in Uganda. We hope this ceremony will provoke public debate on a subject that is hitherto considered a taboo by many. We talked about some of these issues last year, in the first ever such ceremony in Uganda, and have received several requests for more information on the procedure for donating one’s body for teaching purposes upon death. Like President Obama’s said, “yes we can”, an the dialogue starts from you and me. You are all invited for the commemoration ceremony at 9.00 am on June 11, 2026, at the Makerere University School of Public Health auditorium on main campus. 

To donate one’s body is to give a final lesson, a final service, and a lasting gift to the nation.

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Makerere Health Services Guidance on Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)

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1 week ago

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June 1, 2026

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How to protect yourself and your loved ones from Ebola. Ministry of Health, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Uganda recently reported an outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), which is a serious and often deadly disease caused by a person being infected by the Ebola virus.

The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids such as blood, saliva, faeces, vomit, urine, sweat or genital fluids from a person who is infected with EVD.

The symptoms of EVD usually develop after 8 – 10 days from contact with an infected person and may include fatigue, high fever, headache, sore throat, muscle and joint pains, vomiting and diarrhea and in severe cases, bleeding.

What should we do as the Makerere University community?

The Chief, Makerere Health Services, Prof. J.K. Byamugisha advises as follows:

  1. Avoid unnecessary contact such as shaking hands, hugging etc.
  2. Place alcohol disinfectants or hand washing equipment at all entry points within the University and ensure everyone is using them.
  3. Students should sit in single-person chairs while in class, avoiding contact with their neighbours.
  4. Do not sit too close to one another especially in frequently crowded places such as classrooms, library or any other waiting area.
  5. While at the University Hospital, wash hands a the gate, use alcohol disinfectant at the reception.
  6. All patients should have a maximum of one caretaker – others can check on them by calling.
  7. Avoid bringing luggage to the University Hospital.
  8. Target to do as instructed by the health worker.
  9. For further information and guidance on Ebola, please call Dr. Charles Basigara on Tel: 0702 966652 and Sr. Eunice Namubiru on Tel: 0779 950978 (Contact persons for the University Health Services)

Additionally, always look out for and ensure full compliance with Ministry of Health (MoH) Infection Prevention and Control measures such as the one below.

How to protect yourself and your loved ones from Ebola. Ministry of Health, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
How to protect yourself and your loved ones from Ebola.
How to report suspected Ebola cases to Health Authorities. Ministry of Health, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
How to report suspected Ebola cases to Health Authorities.

Please find attached detailed communications from Prof. Byamugisha and
the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Health.

Makerere-Health-Services-Ebola-Virus-Disease-Memo-28-May-2026Download
Ministry of Health Circular on Mass GatheringsDownload

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Call for Applications: Masters Support in Self-Management Intervention for Reducing Epilepsy Burden

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May 25, 2026

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An aerial photo of the College of Health Sciences (CHS), Makerere University showing Left to Right: The Sir Albert Cook Memorial Library, School of Biomedical Sciences, Davies Lecture Theatre, School of Public Health, Mulago Specialised Women and Neonatal Hospital (MSWNH)-Background Left and Nakasero Hill-Background Right, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

The Makerere University College of Health Sciences and Case Western Reserve University, partnering with Mbarara University of Science and Technology, are implementing a five-year project titled “Self-management Intervention for Reducing Epilepsy Burden Among Adult Ugandans with Epilepsy.”

The program is funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). One aspect of the program is to provide advanced degree training to qualified candidates interested in pursuing clinical and research careers in Epilepsy. We aim to grow epilepsy research capacity, including self-management approaches, in SSA.

The Project is soliciting applications for Master’s Research thesis support focusing on epilepsy-related research at Makerere University and Mbarara University, cohort 3, 2026/2027.

Selection criteria

  • Should be a Master’s student of the following courses: MMED in Internal Medicine, Paediatrics, Surgery and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Family Medicine, Public Health, Master of Health Services Research, MSc. Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nursing, or a Master’s in the Basic Sciences (Physiology, Anatomy, Biochemistry, or any other related field).
  • Should have completed at least one year of their Master’s training in the courses listed above.
  • Demonstrated interest in Epilepsy and Neurological diseases, care and prevention, and commitment to develop and maintain a productive career, and devoted to Epilepsy, Clinical Practice, and Prevention.

Research Programs:

The following are the broad Epilepsy research priority areas (THEMES), and applicants are encouraged to develop research concepts in the areas of: Applicants are not limited to these themes; they can propose other areas.

  • The epidemiology of Epilepsy and associated risk factors.
  • Determining the factors affecting the quality of life, risk factors, and outcomes (mortality, morbidity) for Epilepsy, epilepsy genetics, and preventive measures among adults.
  • Epilepsy in childhood and its associated factors, preventative measures etc.
  • Epilepsy epidemiology and other Epilepsy related topics.
  • Epilepsy interventions and rehabilitation

In addition to a formal master’s program, trainees will receive training in bio-ethics, Good Clinical Practice, behavioral sciences research, data and statistical analysis, and research management.

The review criteria for applicants will be as follows:

·      Relevance to program objectives

  • Quality of research and research project approach
  • Feasibility of study
  • Mentors and mentoring plan; in your mentoring plan, please include who the mentors are, what training they will provide, and how often they propose to meet with the candidate.
  • Ethics and human subjects’ protection.

Application Process

Applicants should submit an application letter accompanied by a detailed curriculum vitae, two recommendation letters from Professional referees or mentors, and a 2-page concept or an approved full proposal describing your project and addressing Self-Management Intervention for Reducing Epilepsy Burden Among Adults or an epilepsy-related problem.

For more information, inquiries, and additional advice on developing concepts, don’t hesitate to get in touch with the following:

Makerere University College of Health Sciences

Prof. Mark Kaddumukasa:  kaddumark@yahoo.co.uk

Mbarara University

Ms. Josephine N Najjuma: najjumajosephine@yahoo.co.uk

Only short-listed candidates will be contacted for Interviews.

A soft copy should be submitted to the Administrator of the Epilepsy Project. Email: smireb2@gmail.com; Closing date for the Receipt of applications is 5th July 2026.

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