Humanities & Social Sciences
President Museveni underscores political & economic integration as permanent cure for Africa’s marginalization
The President of the Republic of Uganda, His Excellency Yoweri Kaguta Museveni has emphasized the need for African countries to strengthen both political and economic integration as a permanent cure of Africa’s weaknesses and marginalization around the world. In a speech read by the former Prime Minister of Uganda, Rt. Hon. Dr. Ruhakana Rugunda on 14th October 2023 at the Annual Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Symposium, the President said that Africa must cure herself of the victim mentality and take the initiative of shaping her own destiny.
“We have an unprecedented advantage of a market of 1.3 billion people. This is a formidable treasure in our hands, it has the potential of not only making us richer, but also earning us respect in the world as a power to reckon with,” he noted.
Reflecting on the times when NRM captured power in 1986, President Museveni said that Uganda’s population by then was a paltry 15 million people and the East Africa Community which would have compensated for Uganda’s small market had been brought to its knees. He was however, happy that the NRM government did not waste time in working with Tanzania and Kenya to revive the East Africa Community. To him, the concerted efforts paid off in 1999 when the original members of Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania signed the treaty which re-established the East African Community. The community has since grown with the addition of Rwanda, Burundi, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
He acknowledged the regional blocks such as Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), East Africa Community (EAC) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) for increasing the volume of trade among African countries. And with the signing and ratification by individual member states of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), the President was happy that Africa now boasts of the largest free trade area in the world.
“It must be remembered that Africa was forcefully integrated into the world economy as a source of cheap labour and raw materials for western industries. Africa has donated enough wealth to the rest of the world. It is time to cut off the proboscises of parasites, whose wealth has been sucked from our mines, soils, forests and lakes,” he said.
“Our chief interest should be on securing the survival and prosperity of our children and their children. There is no better guarantee for their future than working towards the political and economic integration of Africa. For the first time, we have the opportunity of safeguarding our great human and natural resources under the African supernatural government. The African leaders, therefore need to work hard so as not share the fate of the pre-colonial tribal chiefs that let down their people,” he added.
President Museveni saluted the contribution of Mwalimu Julius Nyerere to the liberation of Africa and urged young people to carry on Mwalimu’s vision of a strong and united Africa. To him, every year, he eagerly looks forward to this day, that was set aside to commemorate the life and legacy of Mwalimu Julius Nyerere. He was happy that Uganda joins Tanzania and the rest of the entire African continent to celebrate an African hero. “As we celebrate this day, it is important to remind ourselves of the unfinished work, which Mwalimu pioneered, and carry it forward to its logical conclusion. This will be the most befitting tribute to his great legacy,” he emphasized.
According to him, Mwalimu Nyerere was a true champion of African freedom and liberation. Mwalimu Nyerere unlike most of the African nationalist fighters, espoused the idea that attainment of independence, by the respective African countries, was not an end in itself. His true legacy lies in the fact that he, first and fore most supported liberation struggles to break the shackle colonialism and neo-colonialism, which had unfairly parceled the powers.
Additionally, Mwalimu Nyerere recognized the urgency of uniting the small independent African states to create for the first time Africa’s Centre of Gravity. He rejected the notion of arrivalism, which gripped the ruling elites once they took over the 53 colonies that the imperialists had organized for easy exploitation. “They imagined that they had arrived and the idea of Pan-Africanism was thrown out of the window. Mwalimu’s commitment to the goal of Pan-Africanism was demonstrated through the unification of Tanganyika and Zanzibar to create the United Republic of Tanzania. He was equally committed to the formation of the East Africa Federation,” said the President.
Every year the Julius Nyerere Leadership Centre in conjunction with its co-promoters, Makerere University and Uganda Management Institute organizes a symposium to honor and celebrate the legacy of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere. The Annual Symposium which brings together students, academics, researchers, business people, experts and political thought leaders from across the African region provides a platform for them to reflect on how to regenerate and keep alive the powerful efforts of Mwalimu Julius Nyerere on Pan-Africanism.
Representing the Makerere University Vice Chancellor Prof Barnabas Nawangwe, the Principal of the College of Humanities and Social Sciences Prof. Josephine Ahikire noted that the Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Annual Symposium provides a wider platform to deliberate and conduct powerful discussions on the challenges and opportunities faced by East Africa and Africa at large.
According to the Vice Chancellor, the Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Annual Symposium 2023 that was held on 13th – 14th October 2023 created space for participants to envision and interrogate the challenges, opportunities and strategies needed to foster collaborations and unity in pursuit of shared prosperity under the theme: Building a Borderless East Africa: Championing Unity, Youth Employment, culture and Climate Resilience.
The Chairperson, Board of Directors of the Julius Nyerere Leadership Centre (JNLC) Dr. Mulindwa Kasozi Saturninus also noted that the rich conversations were built on the success of the 2022 Nyerere @100 Symposium that put the youth at the fore front of the debates and proposals on development.
Ms. Stella Agara, a renowned governance and youth development specialist was the Keynote Speaker on the theme; Building a Borderless East Africa: Championing Unity, Youth Employment, culture and Climate Resilience. She reflected on some of the strong and memorable words of Mwalimu Julius Nyerere, “without Unity there is no future for Africa.” According to Ms. Stella Agara such words call for African countries to deepen and widen regional integration with a greater focus on prioritizing regional freedom of movement.
She questioned the essence of a borderless East Africa when some countries like Burundi and South Sudan still face hiking costs of Air tickets when accessing other countries within the region? She questioned the idea of a borderless East Africa when African nationals are still considered “aliens” in the respective African countries and students still face long process of residential identifications to access education within the region. Furthermore, it is still difficult for African nationals to acquire a residence or work permit in most of the African countries.
Ms. Stella Agara said that “the only way I am able to work in Tanzania is when I access a business permit at USD 100 and in the event I happen to fly out of the Tanzania before the expected exit date, I have to buy another one on return.”
She noted that traditionally, Africans were great at hosting strangers and it is this African culture of hospitality that our society demands today. She was puzzled by the fact that Africans can refer to fellow Africans as foreigners on the African land. To her, the sentiments that fellow Africans are flowing into different African countries as foreigners to take up jobs meant for nationals still stands with disbelief.
“As a region, we need to accept the fact that we need each other since each one of us is more endowed than the other in certain areas. We need to appreciate the fact that we are all members and citizens of this continent. We are citizens of the East African community and we cannot be foreigners on our soil. Young people now are more courageous about trips and taking opportunities across borders, therefore, there is much more room for integration,” she said.
Looking at some of the frameworks that have been put in place to foster a borderless Africa, Ms. Agara acknowledged the Revised Migration Policy Framework of the African Union and its Planning Action adopted in 2018. The Framework reflects on the migration dynamics in Africa and guides African Union member states and regional communities on the management of migrants. It further provides binding legal frameworks upon which member states link their migration policies to development needs and protection of migrants’ rights.
“This policy was however developed with a lot of thinking inclined towards addressing challenges of African young people who are dying on seas trying to access Europe. The AU has engaged in conversations to develop the African Continental Free Trade Agreement which speaks about the single passport, opportunities across borders, movement of services and goods and this brings quite great opportunities for managing migration but also collapsing our borders to create space,” she stressed.
She however highlighted the responsibility of the East Africa Community to cascade some of these policy frameworks and actions down to the East African Region noting that the East Africa Community has worked fast towards a Customs Union and common market protocol to create space and opportunities and making it easier for business carried across borders.
Ms. Agara called upon African countries to address extensively the issues of poverty and corruption that have created very strange differences when it comes to borderless movements within the region. In the same spirit, she urged them to break the barriers of strict cultures, behaviors and manners that create a rift to regional integration. She also encouraged African countries to appreciate the gendered face of borderlessness.
“Our borderlessness is going to promote conversations on climate change and also create opportunities to address the climate crises in solidarity. Young people today unlike our predecessors, have more international friends, spaces and people that they have not actually met by virtue of the fact that they control the digital space. This power from the youth can be harnessed for positive purposes or end up affecting how we view issues that we need to address today,” she said.
According to Ms. Agara, climate conversations are more narrative based and depend on who is controlling that narrative. Africa has done quite a lot of work and the leaders have actually developed a framework of how the Africa Union is going to approach the climate crisis. They have adopted the adaptation as the main mechanism through which countries should address the climate crisis and this is extremely important to the continent because it is being pushing towards resilience and tolerance.
“Africa has not contributed much to the carbon emission conversations, yet we are now being asked to stop mining oil, gold among other mineral resources and we are saying if we are to stop doing so, there is a conversation we must drive, it is impossible for us to engage in conversations without having addressed cross border relations,” she said.
The Keynote speaker called upon African countries to reflect on how they can replicate the Doom’s Day Seed Vault noting that the relevance of preserving African seeds on the African continent should be prioritized.
Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere
Julius Kambarage Nyerere was born on April 13th 1922 in Butiama on the eastern shores of Lake Victoria in North Western Tanganyika. His father was the chief of the small Zanaki tribe. He was 12 years before he started school (he had to walk 26 miles to Musoma to do so). Later he was transferred for his secondary education to Tabora Government Secondary School. His intelligence was quickly recognized by the Roman Catholic Fathers and with their support, he trained as a teacher at Makerere University in Kampala-Uganda. On gaining his certificate, he taught for three years and then went on a government scholarship to study history and political economy for his Masters of Arts at University of Edinburgh. He was the first Tanzanian to study at a British university.
In Edinburgh, partly through his encounter with Fabian thinking, Nyerere began to develop his particular vision of connecting socialism with African communal living. On his return to Tanganyika, Nyerere worked towards bringing a number of different nationalist factions into one grouping and he achieved this in 1954 with the formation of TANU (the Tanganyika Africa Union). He became the President of the Union and joined the Legislative Council in 1958. He became the Chief Minister in 1960. A year later Tanganyika was granted internal self-governance and Nyerere became Premier. Full independence was attained in December 1961 and he was elected President in 1962.
When paying tribute to his legacy Uganda’s High commissioner to the Republic of Tanzania H.E., Rtd. Col. Fred Mwesigye described Mwalimu Julius Nyerere as a civilized, considerate and courteous person. Mwalimu Nyerere was persuasive, kind and empathetic
“He was a teacher, who was able to simplify complex issues; a peacemaker and a peace builder. He had the capacity to persevere and he was a consensus builder. He appreciated different opinions and he was studious, he had enormous capacity to debate, he was a Pan-Africanist and yearned for a federated East Africa,” he said.
According to the acting High Commissioner of the United Republic of Tanzania to Uganda, H.E. Mr. Lucas Mayanga, the Charge d’Affairs, Mwalimu Nyerere’s idea of Pan-Africanism was gradual whereby he stressed the significance of nation building and regional integration before continental unity. To promote his idea, he was willing to delay the independence of Tanganyika in order to enable by then Tanganyika, Uganda and Kenya achieve their independence together as a single federal state.
“While he fell short of realizing this vision, he united Tanganyika and Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania shortly after the independence of these two countries. This Union remains until today. It is in this regard that we welcome today’s Symposium theme of Building a Borderless East Africa Region,” the Commissioner stated.
The Julius Nyerere Leadership Centre (JNLC)
In 2018, the President of the Republic of Uganda advocated for and supported the establishment of the Julius Nyerere Leadership Centre as a Presidential Initiative. Hosted by Makerere University and Uganda Management Institute, the Centre is responsible for inter-generational dialogues on African history and study and conducting research on Africa revolutionary movements.
On October 6th 2018, President Museveni established the Julius Nyerere Leadership Centre (JNLC), at Makerere University, as a Presidential initiative. Co-promoted by Makerere University and Uganda Management Institute, the Centre was to provide leadership skills, training and mentorship to young people. Specifically, it was to conduct Leadership training of a new and emerging generation of African leaders; to foster Cross-generational dialogue and conversations on African history and revolutionary movements in order to align needs and plans for the future as one; and to conduct Policy leading Research that aspires to close that gap between academia and practical policies.
Dr. Nansozi K. Muwanga, the Executive Director of JNLC reveals that since it was established five years ago, the Centre has strived to fulfil these ambitious objectives and also to put students at the center of its activities as an important part of JNLC’s mission and vision.The Centre has thus provided trainings and mentorship sessions to young people on selfless leadership as part of historical and political perspectives of the African continent.
In addition to customized leadership training, the Centre also holds regular cross-generational fireside (Ekyooto) conversations on unity and Pan-Africanism as well as supporting student leaders to attend regional conferences, student debates on issues that affect them, national and regional development. To illustrate its commitment to Mwalimu Nyerere’s legacy and unity agenda, the Centre, with the support of the Language Department, has developed a Basic Kiswahili course to be implemented alongside its leadership training. Dr. Muwanga says that “these activities provide students with important eye-opening experiences, exposure and skills, which the recent drastic 80% budget cuts of the JNLC’s funding undermine. Muwanga says that these budget cuts notwithstanding the JNLC as a Presidential initiative has gained traction among students and Makerere University management. The JNLC’s leadership training has been endorsed by Makerere University Council that has made it mandatory for all those aspiring for leadership positions. Furthermore, “the Centre’s relevance is in ensuring it responds to students’ needs as it evolves to take into account emerging national and geopolitical issues whilst staying true to the legacy and aspirations of Mwalimu Nyerere.”
She acknowledged the support and contribution of long standing partners including the President of Uganda who is the Patron for his tremendous support towards the creation of the Centre; Makerere University and Uganda Management Institute for their steadfast financial and logistical support; the High Commission of the Republic of Tanzania to Uganda; Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (KAS); NBS and Afro Mobile; Simba Telecom; United Nations Development Programme; the Tanzania Community in Uganda; the Private Education Development Network; Future Generation Trust; aBi Development among others.
In the same spirit, she appreciated the Board of Directors of the Julius Nyerere Leadership Centre chaired by Dr. Kasozi Mulindwa for the invaluable support and constructive guidance. “To the staff of Julius Nyerere Leadership Centre, I thank you very much for your hard work and your consistent and committed efforts.”
Article by: Mak Public Relations Office and JNLC
Humanities & Social Sciences
Makerere Marks World Press Freedom Day with Call for Media Protection and Journalist Safety Ahead of 2026 Polls
Makerere University, Kampala – May 6, 2025
Makerere University joined the rest of the world in commemorating World Press Freedom Day with a strong call for greater respect and protection of journalists, particularly as Uganda approaches the 2026 general elections. World Press Freedom Day is observed annually on May 3 to raise awareness about the importance of press freedom and to remind governments of their duty to respect and uphold the right to freedom of expression
This year’s celebration was held under the global theme “Defending the Truth in an Age of Polarization and Distrust”, .It was organised under the Uganda Media Sector Working Group in collaboration with the Department of Journalism and Communication and media stakeholders including, CIPESA, Oslo Metropolitan University, the Uganda Human Rights Commission, the African Centre for Media Excellence, UNESCO, the Uganda Media Council, and Media Focus on Africa.
The celebration brought together members from academia, media organizations, civil society, government ministries and agencies at the university’s Conference Hall at the College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology.
The event featured speeches and a key note address, panel discussions, media awards and trainings on different media aspects including Online security, Misinformation and Fact Checking and, Physical security.
Speakers from various sectors denounced attacks on journalists and urged government agencies to uphold constitutional freedoms, especially during politically sensitive periods. The gathering heard passionate appeals for reforms, including better legal protections for media practitioners and stronger enforcement against those who attack the press.
The celebrations were presided over by Paul Ekoju, Chairperson of the Uganda Media Council, who represented the Minister of ICT and National Guidance. Ekoju emphasized the critical role of journalists in safeguarding democracy, while cautioning against the growing threats to press freedom including physical violence, intellectual compromise, and political interference.
“We must defend the truth,” Ekoju said, referencing recent incidents where journalists were assaulted and detained in Kawempe and Masaka. “Much as we condemn the battering of journalists, we must also recognize the more subtle assaults—brown envelopes, bias, and prejudice that threaten journalistic integrity.”
Ekoju warned against the “adulterated media landscape,” saying it is now saturated with misinformation, citizen journalism, and a loss of public trust in legacy media. “In this digital age, everyone is a journalist. But not everyone is trained to report with sensitivity and accuracy,” he noted.
He revealed that the government, through the Ministry of ICT, is working on new media legislation to address emerging challenges, including defining professional journalism, regulating misinformation, and ensuring media freedom in the digital era. The proposed law is expected to be shared with stakeholders before enactment.
Drawing on a French proverb, Ekoju reminded attendees that while journalists should always seek the truth, they must exercise wisdom and responsibility in its dissemination. “Everything you say should be true, but not everything true should be said,” he remarked.
The event also highlighted the role of journalism students in shaping a more ethical media future. Dr. Aisha and Dr. Tayebwa, both faculty at the university, were recognized for mentoring upcoming reporters.
“In a world of spin and distortion, we need journalists to be the bearers of fact and clarity,” Ekoju concluded, urging the media fraternity to remain professional, united, and engaged with stakeholders as the country heads into an increasingly polarized electoral season.
We Must Defend Press Freedom Amidst Rising Misinformation-Tayeebwa
Dr. William Tayeebwa, representing the Head of the Department and acting as host, delivered opening remarks that highlighted the urgent need to protect journalistic integrity.
“These are perilous times,” said Dr. Tayeebwa. “What happened in Masaka yesterday, the treatment of journalists—anyone who saw it would understand the gravity of the challenges we face. As an academic institution, we recommit ourselves to engaging with all our partners to uphold media freedom the best way we can.”
Dr. Tayeebwa acknowledged a number of long-standing partners, including CIPESA, Oslo Metropolitan University, the Uganda Human Rights Commission, the African Centre for Media Excellence, UNESCO, the Uganda Media Council, and Media Focus on Africa. “These partners,” he said, “have walked this journey with us, and we’re grateful for their continued support.”
Also recognized were key public figures expected to contribute to the discussion, including UPDF spokesperson Felix Kulayige, Executive Director of the Uganda Communications Commission, and Julius Mucunguzi, spokesperson of the Electoral Commission. Students from the department, despite being in the midst of examinations, also attended in notable numbers.
Dr. Tayeebwa emphasized the department’s evolution, hinting at a forthcoming transition to a fully-fledged School of Journalism and Communication, and called on professionals to frequently return as guest lecturers. “Let’s not only meet at events like this,” he urged. “If you have something important to share with our students, our doors are open.”
Uganda Human Rights Commission Reaffirms Commitment to Press Freedom
The Uganda Human Rights Commission pledged continued support for the protection of press freedom and the promotion of responsible journalism, particularly as the country approaches the 2026 general elections. This reassurance was delivered by Commissioner Lamex Omara Apitta, who represented the Commission Chairperson, Hon. Mariam Wangadya, at the national commemoration of World Press Freedom Day held at Makerere University.
Speaking to to the gathering, Omara emphasized the urgent need for collaboration across all sectors to uphold journalistic integrity amid increasing threats.
“This year’s theme, Defending Truth in the Age of Polarization and Distrust, highlights the growing challenges faced by journalists from financial pressures and public skepticism to political interference and digital threats like misinformation and AI-driven surveillance,” said Omara.
He underscored that the Uganda Human Rights Commission is actively engaged in advocating for human rights-based media policies, monitoring violations of press freedom, and working with security agencies through training and dialogue to ensure journalists’ safety.
As Uganda prepares for its next general elections in 2026, the role of the media in promoting transparency and accountability is more vital than ever, he noted. “From election organizers to observers, the role of journalism in credible elections cannot be overstated. We call on all actors to support media practitioners in fulfilling this constitutional mandate.”
Omara also highlighted the Commission’s efforts to equip journalists through targeted trainings and reinforced the need for early coordination between the media, civil society, and government institutions in the electoral process.
He further praised the organizers of the event held under the Uganda Media Sector Working Group and thanked partners including the African Centre for Media Excellence, UNESCO Uganda, Prowesa East Africa, Media Council of Uganda, and Makerere University’s Department of Journalism and Communication.
“This gathering must not end with speeches,” he urged. “Let it be a launchpad for concrete strategies and joint actions that protect and expand press freedoms in Uganda.”
UNESCO Representative Calls for Protection of Media Freedom, Cites Growing Threats Ahead of Uganda’s 2026 Elections
Daniel Kawesi, Assistant Secretary General for Culture at the Uganda National Commission for UNESCO, issued a strong call for protection of press freedom and freedom of expression, warning of escalating threats to journalists and media practitioners in the country.
Kawesi emphasized the media’s indispensable role in sustainable development and democratic accountability. He was representing the Secretary General of the Commission.
“The violence we’ve seen from the 2009 Kayunga riots to the 2021 general elections and the recent by-elections is not just a coincidence,” Kawesi said. “Journalists have paid a heavy price for simply doing their work. And the picture being painted for the 2026 elections is not any more promising.”
Linking national and international concerns, Kawesi drew attention to the dual themes of this year’s World Press Freedom Day: “Defending Truth in the Age of Polarization and Distrust” and “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Press Freedom and Media Independence.” He warned that growing distrust, misuse of AI technologies, and shrinking civic space threaten both traditional journalism and democratic discourse.
He called on law enforcement, the military, the judiciary, and policy makers to create an enabling environment that upholds freedom of expression and guarantees journalists’ safety. “When freedom of expression disappears, media freedom disappears with it,” he added.
Kawesi also urged stakeholders to remain vigilant throughout the year, not just on commemorative occasions. “These themes must guide our actions, policies, and partnerships—not just today, but every day until we return here next year.”
He praised civil society and development partners for their continued support in celebrating and defending press freedom since UNESCO first designated May 3 as World Press Freedom Day in 1993. He concluded by encouraging attendees to consult the official message from the UNESCO Director-General for a broader global perspective on the issue.
Uganda Media Sector Working Group Urges Inclusive Dialogue on Press Freedom Ahead of 2026 Elections
Charles Bichachi, a leading voice in Uganda’s media industry, emphasized the need for inclusive, sustained dialogue around media freedom and governance as the country heads into a critical election cycle. Bichachi addressed attendees on behalf of the Uganda Media Sector Working Group (UMSWG), the event’s chief organizer for the fifth consecutive year.
Bichachi briefly outlined the mission and structure of the UMSWG, describing it as a multi-sectoral platform created to bring together all stakeholders in the media ecosystem—from journalists, media owners, and academics to government regulators, advertisers, and civil society actors.
“Many times when we talk about the media, we focus only on journalists and journalism students,” Bichachi said. “But the media includes the people we write about, those who consume it, and those who invest in it. It is a public space, and we must all take responsibility for its health and sustainability.”
The UMSWG, now composed of over 20 member organizations, was established five years ago to address growing polarization within Uganda’s media landscape and to push for reforms around media regulation, sustainability, and professionalism. Its collective approach has enabled diverse actors to engage in meaningful conversation on how to strengthen journalism in Uganda.
With Uganda’s 2026 general elections fast approaching, Bichachi warned that the nation had already witnessed worrying signs of repression, referencing recent media harassment during the Kawempe by-election.
“This is not just a pre-election year—it is an election year. The voting may happen in early 2026, but the political activity is already in full swing,” he noted. “It is a critical moment to reflect on how we can protect and strengthen press freedom during this time.”
Bichachi thanked the media sector partners, including UNESCO, Makerere University, the Uganda Human Rights Commission, and various civil society groups, for their continued collaboration in advancing media freedoms. He called on all stakeholders especially those in government to uphold their roles in ensuring a safe and functional media space for the benefit of democracy.
Ugandan Lawyer Urges Media Unity and Accountability
Counsel Philip Karugaba, a leading Ugandan lawyer and advocate for media freedom, called on journalists, civil society, and Ugandan citizens to protect the integrity of the nation’s democracy ahead of the 2026 general elections. Karugaba delivered a stark warning about the deepening polarization, growing institutional mistrust, and the dangers of voter apathy, all of which he believes threaten to undermine Uganda’s democratic processes.
Karugaba, speaking under the theme “Defending Truth in an Age of Authoritarianism and Distrust,” began by honoring Ugandan journalists who, despite facing severe risks, continue to serve as frontline defenders of democracy. “The scars of journalists tell stories of courage,” he remarked, pointing to the ongoing dangers faced by reporters covering elections, especially in volatile environments. He emphasized that the violence directed at journalists during the recent Kawempe North by-election—where media professionals were attacked serves as a reflection of Uganda’s broader crisis of governance.
He condemned the violence that turned what should have been a peaceful civic exercise into an atmosphere of terror. He asserted that the violent scenes at polling stations, as well as the assault on journalists, exposed the lack of protection for media workers and citizens during the electoral process, raising questions about the true nature of Uganda’s democracy.
Despite these unfortunate events, Karugaba remained hopeful that polarization, if approached correctly, could increase citizen participation in the electoral process. He cited the Uganda Law Society’s recent elections, which saw the highest voter turnout in history, as evidence that even in highly polarized environments, the desire for democratic engagement can be a powerful force.
A Call for Accountability
Karugaba’s speech centered around three crucial steps he believes will be vital in protecting the truth, fostering media freedom, and ensuring fair elections. The first step, he argued, is accountability. He strongly condemned the assault on journalists during the Kawempe North election and called for a thorough, transparent investigation into the attacks. “Laws like the Press and Journalists Act must be reformed to align with the constitutional promise of free expression,” he said, underscoring that journalists must be protected, not punished calling for justice in these matters as a means of reinforcing the rule of law.
Empowering the Media
The second step Karugaba highlighted was empowerment. He stressed that for journalists to effectively cover elections and hold power to account, they must have access to adequate resources, training, and safety measures. “Taking precaution is not cowardice,” he said, referencing a personal experience during a security drill that had turned into a tense situation with gunfire. He pointed out that journalists in Uganda need more than just legal protection; they need safety training, risk assessments, and the tools to do their jobs in potentially dangerous environments. “Journalists covering elections should be equipped to protect themselves,” Karugaba emphasized, calling on media organizations to prioritize the safety and well-being of their teams.
In this regard, Karugaba encouraged media houses to forge alliances with institutions like the Uganda Law Society and the Uganda Medical Association. These partnerships, he argued, would ensure that injured journalists receive proper medical attention and legal support, fostering a safer environment for them to work in.
Fostering National Unity
The final step Karugaba proposed was unity. He noted that the fight for media freedom is not just a journalist’s concern, but a national one. “When we vote in 2026, we must ask ourselves: Which leaders will protect the press?” he challenged the audience. He encouraged Ugandans to reject self-censorship, embrace open debate, and stand in solidarity with the media. Karugaba also urged the public to focus on shared national goals, such as job creation, health, and peace, which transcend political divides. He called on media houses to run campaigns that unite citizens around these common aspirations, rather than fueling further division.
A Final Plea for Truth
Concluding his address, Karugaba called for an active and engaged citizenry, urging Ugandans to report fearlessly, verify information relentlessly, and hold their leaders accountable. He invoked the words of Nelson Mandela, who famously stated that a critical press is the “lifeblood of democracy.” For Uganda’s democracy to thrive, he emphasized, journalists, citizens, and regulators must all play their part in defending the truth.
“We must write our future with bold and fearless headlines,” Karugaba concluded, “where truth, unity, and democracy take precedence.”
Two Veteran Journalists and Makerere Youth Honored for Outstanding Contribution to Uganda’s Media
Three prestigious journalism awards were presented by the Uganda Media Sector Working Group to honor outstanding contributions to the development of media and press freedom in the country. The recipients included two towering figures in Ugandan journalism Dr. Zadok Ekimwere and Mr. Drake Ssekeba—as well as a spirited youth team from Makerere University, recognized for their compelling performance in an inter-university media debate.
The awards, which recognize cumulative impact on journalism rather than specific stories or publications, are uniquely designed to spotlight individuals and institutions that have shaped Uganda’s media landscape over time. Previous honorees have included institutions such as UMCAT and UMWA (Uganda Media Women’s Association), veteran journalists like Charles Zziwa, and even unsung heroes like a newspaper vendor who sold newspapers every day for over 20 years—walking nearly 10 kilometers daily. “That’s the kind of dedication that often goes unnoticed in the newsroom,” remarked Charles Bichachi one of the organizers.
Dr. Zadok Ekimwere: From the Voice of Uganda to Training a Generation
The first journalism Lifetime Achievement Award went to Dr. Zadok Ekimwere, whose remarkable 40-year journey in Ugandan media began in the late 1970s. Fresh out of Makerere University in 1977, he joined the Voice of Uganda then infamously dubbed “Voice of Amin” as a features writer. He continued to serve under various regimes, writing for The National Mirror during the Uganda National Liberation Front era, and later moving to The New Visionin 1986, where he rose through the ranks as a sub-editor, features editor, and eventually training editor.
Ekimwere’s influence extended far beyond the newsroom. After earning a PhD in Journalism and Mass Communication from the University of South Carolina, he became a respected media trainer, serving briefly at Victoria and Ndejje universities before becoming Principal at UMCAT School of Journalism and Mass Communication between 2017 and 2018. He currently works as a media and communication consultant and remains active in journalism education at UMI.
Accepting the award, Ekimwere gave a poignant speech. “Journalism is not about freebies. I have never taken a bribe,” he declared. He shared stories of editorial resistance, including a moment when he defied orders from a superior to euphemize a currency devaluation. “I insisted on using the correct term devalued.’ I wasn’t sacked. Maybe I missed a promotion, but I was true to journalism.”
Ekimwere expressed deepest pride in the many young journalists he mentored over the decades. “Seeing them write, seeing them debate—I feel very honored,” he said.
Drake Sekeba: Six Decades of Fearless Reporting
The second Lifetime Achievement Award was bestowed upon Mr. Drake Sekeba, one of Uganda’s most enduring and widely respected journalists. His career began in 1965 as a trainee reporter at the Sekanyolya newspaper and would span some of the country’s most turbulent decades. Ssekeba worked with an array of historical newspapers Uganda Argus, The People, Munno, Ngabo, and The Star, among others and later became one of the first journalists to transition fluidly into broadcast.
Sekeba’s long career included dangerous run-ins with both Idi Amin’s and Milton Obote’s regimes, including detention without trial and an attempted shooting at a press conference. But he pressed on. In the early 2000s, he became a household name at WBS Television, producing and presenting widely popular programs such as Tulatogere, Motesana, and the long-running investigative series Vumbula.
He is also a published author, with works like Media Bullets in Uganda: A Reference Guide to the History of Newspapers and their Role in Politics and the Church.
Visibly moved as he accepted his award, Sekeba said, “This is the first time I am getting a brown envelope—and for Jesus, it is the right time.” He reaffirmed his love for journalism and shared an anecdote about a minister once attempting to influence coverage. “I told my boss: I will give the minister good press—if I can interview the other side. And I did. Fair and balanced. That’s journalism.”
Makerere University Students Honored for Press Freedom Debate Victory
The final award celebrated the future of journalism—a vibrant student team from Makerere University, who won the Inter-University Media Debate hosted by the Media Challenge Initiative. The debate focused on the provocative question: “Has social media advanced or hindered press freedom?” and featured teams from Uganda Christian University, Kampala International University, and Makerere University.
Judged on depth, clarity, and understanding of media ethics, the students from Makerere emerged victorious after a spirited face-off with Uganda Christian University in the final round.
In their acceptance remarks, the students highlighted their commitment to truth and accountability. One student echoed George Orwell, saying: “Journalism is printing what someone else doesn’t want printed. Everything else is public relations.” Another added, “We’ve been told we are the leaders of tomorrow, but tomorrow is here. Our voices must rise above oppression. Our time is now.”
Jan Ajwang, a lead judge and member of the Uganda Media Sector Working Group, emphasized the importance of mentorship across generations. “The young can learn from the old—and the old can learn from the young,” she said.
The day closed with training sessions conducted by CIPESA on different media aspects in three breakaway venues on Online security, Misinformation and Fact Checking and, Physical security.
The 2025 Press Freedom Day celebrations not only honored legacy and longevity but also served as a bridge between generations. From the principled resistance of veteran journalists like Ekimwere and Ssekeba to the bold convictions of student debaters, the day underscored a unifying message: journalism in Uganda must continue to stand as a pillar of truth, justice, and public accountability.
“Whether you are 20 or 70,” said one attendee, “it’s clear—Uganda’s media still has heroes, and its future is still worth fighting for.”
Jane Anyango is the Principal Communication Officer, CHUSS
Humanities & Social Sciences
Over 2,000 Attend Makerere’s Dialogue on Traditional Spirituality, Herbal Medicine, Witchcraft and Questions of Truth
Kampala | Makerere University 29th April 2025
In one of the most intellectually provocative events in recent memory, over 2,000 participants—online and in person gathered at Makerere University on Tuesday for a historic public dialogue titled “Traditional Spirituality, Herbal Medicine, Witchcraft and Questions of Truth.” The forum, hosted by the College of Humanities and Social Sciences (CHUSS), drew academics, students, researchers, spiritual practitioners, and members of the public to explore issues often considered taboo in formal education.
By 2:00 pm, the College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology’s Conference Hall was filled beyond capacity, forcing latecomers to seek alternative venues or follow the conversation through livestreams. Zoom was capped at 500 users before the official start, while over 1,000 more followed via YouTube. The dialogue extended into the evening, with audiences riveted for more than five hours.
Clash of Paradigms: Philosophy Meets Spiritual Practice
At the heart of the event were two divergent but deeply respected voices: Dr. Jimmy Spire Ssentongo, philosopher, ethicist, and renowned cartoonist, and Dr. Yahaya Hills Kagali Sekagya, a traditional spiritualist, herbalist, and trained dental surgeon with a PhD in Public Health. Sekagya also studied Law.
Decolonizing Knowledge and Defending Indigenous Science
Dr. Sekagya, Director of PROMETRA Uganda and a global voice in traditional medicine, provided a nuanced defense of African spirituality and indigenous healing practices. Moving fluently between biomedical terminology and metaphysical concepts, he highlighted the depth and legitimacy of knowledge embedded in African cosmologies.
Although often judged by his appearance—he wore a spiritual robe during the event—his academic and medical credentials challenged stereotypes about traditional healers. Many who initially dismissed Sekagya as a “witch” based solely on his attire, were shocked upon hearing of his scientific training.
A Dialogue That Defied Boundaries
Their dialogue dissected the boundaries between indigenous healing systems, spiritual worldviews, modern science, and Western rationalism. The discussion traversed numerous academic and epistemological fields—philosophy, sociology, engineering, religion, psychology, and medicine—emphasizing that complex issues such as truth and healing cannot be understood through isolated disciplines. Both speakers called for an integrative approach to knowledge that includes the arts, humanities, and traditional sciences alongside STEM.
The key take away was that, “Knowledge is not confined to university departments. We need philosophy to understand medicine, and we need spirituality to understand psychology. The human experience is too complex for a single lens.”
Dr. Jimmy Spire Ssentongo: “The More You Know, the More Knowledge Humbles You”
Dr. Jimmy Spire Ssentongo delivered a powerful address on the necessity of openness, intellectual humility, and epistemic justice . He was gave the motivation behind hosting the public dialogue interrogating African spirituality, herbal medicine, and the boundaries of science.
Dr. Ssentongo opened with a moment of synchronicity involving the name “Augustine,” moving into a parable about Saint Augustine and the mystery of divine knowledge. He used this story to underline a key point: that human understanding is always partial, and that true wisdom begins with acknowledging how little we truly know.
“We always want to imagine that we know the world so well,” he said. “But we fail to acknowledge that the world is so complex. There are more things than we can ever know.”
Drawing from Socrates’ declaration—“I know that I don’t know”—Ssentongo urged fellow academics and participants to adopt a humble posture toward knowledge, rejecting the arrogance that comes with narrow-mindedness or disciplinary silos.
He addressed the backlash surrounding the event, including accusations of promoting witchcraft, with sharp critique and clarity:
“You don’t have to agree with something to understand it… It’s our unwillingness to engage that empowers ignorance and exploitation—whether in herbal medicine or religion.”
Ssentongo challenged the binary thinking that dominates academia and social discourse, particularly how indigenous knowledge is marginalized through labels like “alternative medicine.”
“That language is not innocent,” he warned. “It has already created the main—the authentic—and the alternative. And we keep building these binaries which are very detrimental to understanding.”
He lamented the politics of knowledge production, pointing out that powerful interests from pharmaceutical companies to religious establishments often dictate what is recognized as legitimate knowledge, thereby stifling critical inquiry into African spiritual and healing practices.
In a moment of warmth and humility, Ssentongo lauded guest speaker Dr. Sekagya for his depth of knowledge and gracious composure, despite being prematurely judged based on appearance:
“We profile people based on what’s already in our minds. When you do that, you build a wall that blocks understanding.”
He closed with gratitude to the organizing teams, university leadership, and the patient audience, reminding all that the session’s six-hour length was testament to the power of curiosity, intellectual freedom, and dialogue.
“The more you know, the more knowledge humbles you,” he said. “And I love humble people—that’s the sign of true education.”
Principal Nkabala Applauds Groundbreaking Dialogue on Truth and Decolonisation
While closing the dialogue, Associate Professor Helen Nambalirwa Nkabala, Principal of the College of Humanities and Social Sciences (CHUSS), reflected on the boldness of the topic, Prof. Nkabala admitted initial concerns over whether enough publicity had been done for such a sensitive conversation. But her concerns quickly gave way to admiration for the depth and courage of the discussions.
“This is the very reason the college exists,” she said. “We are not afraid of speaking about the things many are afraid to talk about.”
She praised the dialogue for achieving the core mission of the Humanities and Social Sciences: to broaden perspectives, enhance global awareness, and deepen our understanding of human behaviour. With confidence, she noted that all participants—whether in-person or online—had walked away transformed in their thinking.
Prof. Nkabala commended Dr. Sekagya for integrating science with cultural and spiritual frameworks, and Dr. Spire Sentongo for initiating a conversation that challenged binaries and inspired creativity. She mentioned emerging ideas such as “deep green spirituality” and renewed interest in electromagnetics, highlighting how the discussion had sparked innovation beyond the humanities.
“This shows that the conversation we have had has really inspired people—and they are becoming more innovative than they would have wanted,” she remarked.
With gratitude, she acknowledged the CHUSS team, Makerere University management and all participants. Her message was clear: this was not a one-off event, but a starting point in a series of transformative engagements.
“Just watch this space,” she said, promising more impactful dialogues to come.
She then invited Deputy Principal Assoc. Prof. Eric Awich Ochen to offer closing sentiments on behalf of the college, adding a “physical touch” to the collective appreciation for such a powerful and memorable gathering.
One of the Most Impactful Symposiums at Makerere: Deputy Principal Applauds Courageous Dialogue Bridging Humanities and Science
Using a metaphor from astrophysics, Prof. Awich likened human understanding to the work of space telescopes like Hubble, which, despite operating for decades, can only capture a fraction of the vast cosmos.
“Even what the telescope is showing us is less than 1% of what’s out there,” he remarked. “That tells you how little we know—and how much more there is to question, explore, and understand.”
He also offered warm praise to Dr. Sentongo, whose public image as a cartoonist and columnist is matched by a deeply intellectual and humble personal presence. Sentongo, he revealed, is preparing to exhibit new creative work that continues this exploration of truth and identity.
The deputy principal applauded the panelists and especially Dr. Christine Mbabazi Mpyangu, the symposium’s moderator from the Department of Religion and Peace Studies, for guiding the complex conversation with clarity and balance. He described her selection as the “best choice that could ever happen for this symposium.”
Prof. Awich also emphasized how the themes of the day—truth, spirituality, medicine, and the decolonisation of knowledge—are not merely academic curiosities but essential areas of inquiry for understanding African identity, history, and global positioning.
“This is very good for our students,” he said. “It’s humbling, and it’s intellectually nourishing. I have been deeply moved and educated by this dialogue.”
He closed by inviting all participants to “watch this space” for future dialogues that will continue to push intellectual boundaries and make CHUSS a cornerstone of Makerere’s global thought leadership.
“Thank you again for coming. Whether you were here physically or joined us online, we are grateful. And I promise, this is just the beginning.”
A Bold Dialogue on Truth, Decolonisation, and African Knowledge Systems
Dr. Pamela Khanakwa, Dean of the School of Liberal and Performing Arts at Makerere University, called on scholars, students, and the wider public to embrace African epistemologies, challenge colonial legacies, and confront entrenched biases in the understanding of truth and science.
“Why should we fear these conversations?” Dr. Khanakwa asked. “Our dialogue today seeks to interrogate the little understood and often blurred lines between traditional African spirituality, herbal medicine, and witchcraft.”
The she said formed part of Makerere‘s broader initiative to decolonise education and expand the frontiers of knowledge by re-examining the role and validity of indigenous African practices in modern society and a reclamation of African intellectual space
Khanakwa’s address was not merely ceremonial; it was a scholarly critique of how colonial regimes distorted African worldviews and knowledge systems, relegating them to the margins of legitimacy.
“What was African—our indigenous knowledge—was labelled barbaric, primitive, demonic, evil,” she said. “Meanwhile, Western belief systems, especially biomedicine, were centralized as the standard of progress and truth.”
She pointed to laws like Uganda’s Witchcraft Act of 1957 and Zimbabwe’s Witchcraft Suppression Act of 1899 as colonial tools used to criminalize African religious and healing practices, reinforcing the hierarchy between Western science and African spirituality.
These laws, she noted, continue to influence public policy and education, often excluding or diminishing traditional healing and metaphysical systems that millions on the continent continue to rely on.
Blurring the Line Between Science and Spirituality
Dr. Khanakwa challenged the false dichotomy between science and non-science, noting that many African healing practices dismissed as superstition may simply be sciences that remain understudied or misunderstood.
“How about if what we consider witchcraft is actually science which has not yet been unlocked?” she asked, raising the example of traditional bone-setters who reportedly mend fractures remotely—an observation met with nods and murmurs of agreement from the audience.
She also referenced the lingering stigma within academic institutions, sharing a conversation with a colleague in veterinary sciences who was wary of interacting with social scientists because of perceived connections to witchcraft.
“This fear and ridicule are rooted not in reason, but in the colonial devaluation of African knowledge,” Khanakwa explained and called for critical appraisal, not blind reverence.
While deeply rooted in the cultural reclamation agenda, Khanakwa emphasized that the event was not a platform for blind celebration of all traditional practices. Rather, it was a space for critical epistemic appraisal—an honest, analytical exploration of what constitutes truth, and who gets to define it.
“We are not just here to romanticize indigenous knowledge,” she said. “We are here to examine it rigorously, question the boundaries, and reclaim intellectual agency.”
She framed the dialogue as both an academic and civic responsibility, rooted in the liberal arts tradition of open-minded inquiry and debate- a knowledge without borders
In a nod to African communalism, Dr. Khanakwa closed her remarks with an invitation to inclusivity and collective growth:
“In an African house, there is always space for one more. You cannot lock someone out in the rain because you say the house is full.”
The spirit of intellectual hospitality, she argued, must extend to epistemological spaces—where truth is not confined to laboratories or lecture halls in the Global North, but also resides in shrines, herbs, rituals, and oral traditions passed down through generations.
As she welcomed the day’s speakers, Khanakwa reiterated Makerere University’s commitment to being more than an academic institution: a site of African self-discovery, healing, and intellectual sovereignty.
Questioning the Scientific Method and Medical Colonialism
Dickson Kanakulya, Head of the Department of Philosophy at Makerere University, issued a critique of society’s fear of “uncomfortable knowledge” and positioned Makerere as a courageous leader in pushing intellectual frontiers that others fear to approach.
“Makerere is not fearful to explore all aspects of knowledge,” Dr. Kanakulya declared. “That is what has made this institution great—we ask the questions that others are afraid to ask.”
The event—attended by over 2,000 people both in-person and online—was part of a growing series of intellectual forums led by the College of Humanities and Social Sciences (CHUSS) that challenge conventional paradigms of science, truth, and African knowledge systems.
Dr. Kanakulya used the platform to interrogate the longstanding hierarchies that have historically labeled indigenous knowledge as superstition or witchcraft. He drew attention to how rituals, symbols, and metaphysical practices in African traditions have been ridiculed, while similar elements in Western religious and scientific institutions are normalized or revered.
“Why is it that when a Pope wears red or conducts elaborate rituals, it’s considered sacred—but when an African elder wears a leopard skin, it’s ‘witchcraft’?” he asked. “What is the psychoanalytic message behind those colors, garments, and rituals?”
Referencing comparative burial rituals—from Vatican ceremonies to the traditional burial of a Omutaka wrapped in over 200 barkclothes—he questioned the global double standards that determine which practices are called ‘holy’ and which are dismissed as irrational.
“We are not just asking religious questions—we are asking epistemological questions: who defines what knowledge is, and who gets excluded?”
Perhaps most provocatively, Dr. Kanakulya challenged blind reliance on what he called the “so-called scientific method,” especially in light of the global COVID-19 pandemic.
“COVID-19 raised a very serious question: does the scientific method work?” he asked. “When the pandemic struck, even our most decorated scientists ran and hid. Vaccines were promised, but not available. And yet, African herbal knowledge—like Professor Ogwang’s COVIDEX—saved lives.”
He praised Ogwang’s use of traditional medicinal knowledge passed down by his mother to develop a treatment that gained national certification and public trust during the health crisis, even while being initially discouraged by the scientific establishment.
Kanakulya described this contradiction as “medical colonialism”—a phenomenon where Western institutions continue to control narratives around health, healing, and legitimacy, despite relying on indigenous knowledge for drug development.
“Over 60% of pharmaceutical drugs have roots in traditional herbal medicine. Yet we are told the version made in the lab is superior to the one made by God. Why?”
Echoing themes from thinkers like Descartes, Richard Rorty, and Albert Einstein, Dr. Kanakulya urged attendees to reconsider the very nature of knowledge and reality. He connected traditional African metaphysics to emerging fields like quantum physics, highlighting how both challenge fixed notions of objectivity and material reality.
“Traditional African science believes that molecules and cells are constantly absorbing information—through light, sound, and energy. That’s what quantum mechanics now confirms,” he explained. “When elders say a stone remembers what happened, and science says DNA remains at crime scenes, are we not talking about the same phenomenon through different lenses?”
He raised challenging philosophical comparisons: summoning a person’s spirit in a water basin vs. seeing their face on a smartphone screen. Both, he argued, deal with unseen connections and transmissions of information. So, which one is called witchcraft—and why?
“The question of witchcraft is a question of epistemology. It’s not just a cultural issue; it’s about how we define reality and truth. It is time to decolonize those definitions.”
Kanakulya also connected philosophical inquiry to policy questions, especially the right to health in African constitutions. He noted that 80% of Africans rely on traditional medicine, yet it remains underfunded, un researched, and stigmatized.
“If the right to health is a human right, then herbal medicine must be mainstreamed,” he said. “We cannot continue to rely on knowledge produced in Western laboratories when we have solutions rooted in our own environment and history.”
Citing rising rates of non-communicable diseases among Africans under 30, he warned that Africa’s future is being shaped by pharmaceutical industries and researchers who are not accountable to local communities.
“They have our DNA in labs. They are designing drugs for African genes. That is medical colonialism. And you think you are free because you raise a flag on Independence Day?”
Dr. Kanakulya concluded with a call to embrace philosophy as a tool for critical inquiry and emancipation.
“Philosophy asks the uncomfortable questions. Are you in love or are you dreaming? Are you alive or are you merely existing under illusions passed down to you?”
He urged the academic community to take seriously African forms of knowledge—including metaphysical and spiritual practices—and to move beyond outdated colonial binaries of science vs. superstition.
“Witchcraft is not just in shrines. It’s in churches, markets, and technology. The real question is not whether it exists—but how we understand it, and what truths we are afraid to see.”
The remarks set a powerful tone for the evening’s dialogue and reinforced the role of the Department of Philosophy as a leading voice in deconstructing knowledge hierarchies at one of Africa’s oldest universities.
Looking Forward
The event has sparked interest in more dialogues exploring spirituality, healing, and knowledge systems. Students and staff reportedly requested future sessions, including modules on electromagnetics in traditional healing and “deep green spirituality.”
As the sun set on Makerere Hill, the session ended not with closure, but with a challenge—one issued implicitly by every speaker and participant: to keep questioning, keep listening, and to rediscover the wisdom that centuries of erasure have tried to silence.
You can access the Public Dialogue, “Traditional Spirituality, Herbal Medicine, Witchcraft and Questions of Truth “ on YouTube Video embedded below.
Jane Anyango is the Communication Officer CHUSS
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