Business & Management
Economists Offer Policy Recommendations to Curb Youth Unemployment in Uganda
Economists from the Makerere University’s School Economics have provided policy options to help mitigate youth unemployment in Uganda.
A team of researchers led by Prof. Edward Bbaale as Principal Investigator assisted by Dr. Susan Kavuma, Peter Babyenda, Brenda Kiconco, Anitah Kyamugaba , Hennery Sebukeera and Nakigudde Claire under took a research project titled, ‘ “Empirical Review of Youth Employment Policies in Uganda”with technical and financial support from partnership for economic policy Nairobi Kenya funded by Mastercard Foundation.
The study looked at insights from different people on how youth unemployment and under employment can be solved. The research project intended to review the youth employment policies, legislations, interventions and programs with the aim of identifying the best practices for promoting youth employability, productivity, and opportunities among the youth.
The researchers worked closely with the different Institutional framework concerned with youth affairs including in the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development and the Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Education and Sports, National Planning Authority, Federation of Uganda Employers, National Organization of Trade Unions and parliament among others
The study findings were presented during the dissemination workshop held on 9th November 2022 at Protea Hotel in Kampala to members of the academia, representatives from government ministries, departments and agencies, the Private sector, civil society organizations, representatives of the youth from different divisions of Kampala and other districts and key collaborators.
The dissemination workshop was intended to validate the findings of the study through contributions, corrections,and an evaluation of the opportunities, challenges, chances, the gaps, costs of and thorough practical policy options with the aim of enriching the report and the policy recommendations in particular to government.
Representing the Principal, College of Business and Management Sciences, the Dean School of Economics and also PI Prof. Edward Bbaale noted that youth unemployment and under employment is one of the policy issues that warrant due attention.
He observed that Uganda is one of the youngest and fastest growing populations in the world with 54% of the population below 18 years of age and yet the population is growing very fast at 3.4 %.
Bbaale added that Uganda is also faced with a serious problem of high school dropout rate. Data from the Ministry of Education indicates that on average one million pupils that enroll in primary one, only 600 thousand sit the primary leaving examination and this number reduces to 300 thousand at the Uganda Certificate of education and reduces further to 100 thousand to those that go for the advanced certificate.
“The question is where these young men do and women go and who is the messiah. Is TVET, the different skilling programmes the messiah for Uganda? and more broadly even those that graduate at higher level, the question is that whether the problem is at the demand level to the extent that the economy is so much contracted and that there is no space for people to come and take employment meaning that the economy is growing without creating jobs”. Bbaale questioned.
Aware that the services sector is driving growth in Uganda and the agricultural sector is well behind services and industry as far as GDP is concerned, Bbaale noted that this means that there has been sectorial shift in GDP composition- at one time it was agriculture ahead of industry and services but now we have services ahead of the two.
“Whereas we have had the sectorial shifts in the GDP composition, there are no sectoral shifts in employment and majority of our people still depend on agriculture and there is a smaller cake despite its holding 60% of our people coming with questions of low productivity and poverty.
And so given that, if majority of Ugandans are not employed in the services sector which is leading the GDP composition, can we say our economy is having a jobless profile? We are growing without jobs and then on the other hand, can we say it is the supply side and skills mismatch? Do those people that graduate every year in universities and other institutions match the available opportunities?.Prof. Bbaale questioned.
Prof. Bbaale also stressed that the issue of youth unemployment and under employment is topical and has gone on for sometime but not leading the same in finding a lasting solutions for the youth unemployment problem.
He congratulated the research team for successfully implementing the study and partners – the Mastercard Foundation through the partnership for economic policy in Nairobi for sponsoring the different activities of the project as well as the stakeholders from MDAs, Private sector, CSOs and development partners for contributing wonderful ideas.
Unemployment associated with Labor market information system, curriculum design and population growth
The Assistant Commissioner in charge of Youth Affairs in the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development Kyateka Mondo thanked the PI and team for putting the research together saying, they are looking forward to receiving what the university thinks is the solution to unemployment question in Uganda.
In addition to addressing the issue of labour market information system, the commissioner observed that it is prudent for training institutions to interface with employers while designing the curriculum but also address the issue of population growth.
“The problem in Africa is that we train today what was needed for yesterday. Are the training institutions in touch with the people who employ? Do you have a time where we interface with the Mukwanos and UMAs of this world and all the people who need the work force?
Second,… we are likely not to break even until we address the issue of population growth. As long as we are producing as if there is no tomorrow. As long as we believe in Genesis that go out there and multiply and fill the world.How are you going to prepare and skill them to get quality education. And the man who tells you to go and fill the world produced only one son –Jesus Christ.”, Mondo stated adding that:
“.. until the population question is addressed and until the training institutions sit together with who is going to employ their products, , there will be nothing new that we are going to hear. The skills given at training institutions do not match the labour markets. So until we move away from the book of lamentations to the book of acts and we act.
Fix the issue of so many children, fix the issue of poverty among our people, fix the issue of a functional and prudent labour market information system. We need action today to bring hope to so many young people in this country but we also have to do mindset deconstruction”. Mondo asserted.
Mondo further observed that over 45 universities are churning out young people every year, operating under a jobless economic growth in that, the economy is not producing the jobs that are badly needed. He added that if unemployment question is fixed, many other problems like poverty, drug abuse early pregnancies, theft, suicide would have been fixed.
Formal employment and trends in youth unemployment in Uganda
Presenting the study findings Peter Babyenda noted that formal employment share of government jobs declined from 6.8% in 2012/13 to 6.5% in 2016/17 while total formal private employment declined from 200,000 jobs in 2012/13 to 141,000 in 2016/17. In 2016/17, only 13,000 (9%) youth had a formal private job.
On trends in youth employment, Babyenda reported a fluctuating Labour Force Participation Rate – 57% (2016/17), 66% (2017/18), 62% (2018/19), and an increasing youth unemployment rate – 13% (2016/17), 18% (2017/18), 17% (2018/19)
Babyenda presented worrying statistics on Youth neither in Employment nor in Education or Training (NEETs) estimated at 39%. This is worrying – where are they? He said there are twice young ladies in NEET as men largely found in in Greater Kampala, Northern Uganda and Western region which is a big threat to Uganda’s social cohesion and political stability.
NEETS according to Babyenda are largely attributed to low educational attainment (including among their parents), living in deprived neighborhoods, low socio-economic status and other barriers to participation like pregnancy or disability.
“The 2018/19 Annual Labour Force Survey report reveals that almost half of the youths (46%) are not qualified for the existing jobs because they do not have required skills.Low wages for youth as the median wage of public sector employees is estimated at UGX 510,000 ($134), while in Private Sector it is estimated at UGX150,000 ($39).
Existing employment policies seem universal and do not segregate persons in formal and informal sectors in their coverage. More so, there is limited evidence to show the expansion of social protection coverage in the informal sector as required by the National Social Protection Policies. It also remain unclear whether the existing youth employment programs are achieving their targets” Mr. Babyenda reported.
Key findings from the evaluation of the different Youth Empowerment Programs (YEP)
The study indicated that although access to youth employment funds had a positive effect on youth business expansion, there was no significant evidence of the fund’s effect on job creation.
Major stakeholders in YEP were not fully fulfilling their mandates; while on the policy front, the findings show that the youth funds have a long-term impact on its intended goals.
Promoting youth entrepreneurship according to this study should be approached holistically (not just through credit) and should target productive sectors with high employment creation potential.
The need for a strong institutional framework including M&E and accountability frameworks and the removal of barriers to youth self-employment were also proposed.
The study disclosed a number of challenges faced by the youth involved in Youth Employment programmes and they included ; Misuse of YEP funds, limited follow-ups of beneficiaries due to inadequate monitoring and supervisory capacity, Political Interference, High default rates (failure repay loans/resolving funds) and Poor group formation dynamics
Beneficiaries according to this research, reported delayed release of funds to youth groups or beneficiaries by the ministry of finance and implementing agencies – MoGLSD, local governments, Corruption, Inadequate information on existence of youth, Education miss-match affecting youth employability AND Limited preparation of beneficiaries
The study notes that common youth challenges in Uganda include: Unemployment, underemployment and undignified work.
The study further notes that Uganda has initiated a number of Youth Employment programs over time such as the youth livelihood fund, presidential youth initiatives, youth skilling programs and free vocational education among others.
Many Youth (39%) still either not in School or employment and more among females (50.5%) and the need for specific Policy change to ensure that the youth obtain right skills for existing employment opportunities in the country.
Policy recommendations
The study recommends that government prioritise policies that create jobs and address youth unemployment/under-employment and strengthen the YEP’s Monitoring, Evaluation, Research, and Learning (MERL) system.
The study proposes the development of a clear resource mobilization strategy during the YEP design phase and expansion of YEPs into new locations with updated priority areas.
The policy initiatives should be SMART and should reinforce labour market participation, especially regarding discouraged workers and women.
Other policy recommendations include benchmarking with other countries that have succeeded; Reduce of political interferences in the bureaucratic process of the YEP implementation; Increase budget allocation to YEP and also improve the adequacy and effectiveness of the technical support unit of these programs.
In addition, the study advocates for holistic youth employment policy initiatives as opposed to piecemeal, ad-hoc, under-funded and poorly implemented programs. The programs should be rooted within a wider framework that places structural transformation of the country such as NDP III, Vision 2040, among others.
Makerere University has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Insurance Training College (ITC) aimed at enhancing professional training, research, and industry engagement in the fields of actuarial science and insurance.
The signing ceremony, held on May 6, 2025, at the University Main Building, was presided over by the Vice Chancellor, Prof. Barnabas Nawangwe, and attended by officials from both institutions. The MoU will be implemented through the College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS) and is expected to significantly benefit students, particularly those pursuing Actuarial Science.
Under the new agreement, Makerere University students will receive exemptions from selected certification courses offered by the Insurance Training College, easing their path toward professional accreditation. The partnership also paves the way for joint training programs, research collaborations, internship placements, external examination services, and other mutually beneficial initiatives.
Speaking at the ceremony, Prof. Nawangwe emphasized the importance of such collaborations in preparing students for a dynamic and competitive job market.
“This MoU is both timely and strategic. Collaborations with professional bodies such as the Insurance Training College ensure that our students are not only academically grounded but also professionally prepared to meet industry demands,” said Prof. Nawangwe.
“The insurance sector is one of the fastest-growing industries in the region. It requires well-trained, ethical, and innovative professionals—and Makerere University is committed to producing exactly that.”
On behalf of the Insurance Training College, Mr. Saul Sseremba, Chief Executive Officer, expressed enthusiasm about the partnership and its long-term impact.
“We are excited to formalize our collaboration with Makerere University. Our goal is to build a critical mass of highly skilled insurance professionals who will drive the transformation of the sector in Uganda and beyond,” said Mr. Sseremba.
“We look forward to a fruitful relationship that blends academic excellence with industry relevance.”
Also speaking at the event, Prof. Bbaale Edward, Principal of CoBAMS, underscored the significance of the partnership in enhancing the college’s mission of bridging academic theory and professional practice.
“This MoU is aligned with our strategic goal of strengthening industry linkages and providing our students with hands-on exposure to the realities of the workplace,” said Prof. Bbaale said.
“Actuarial Science is a rigorous program, and these exemptions will ease our students’ progression into professional certification while motivating them to pursue excellence. We are grateful to ITC for this opportunity and look forward to implementing this partnership effectively.”
The MoU signifies Makerere University‘s continued commitment to strengthening university-industry linkages, expanding professional pathways for students, and fostering applied research that contributes to national development.
The signing was witnessed by the Head of Department, Statistical Methods and Actuarial Science, Dr. Felix Wamono, the Dean School of Planning and Statistics, Dr. Margaret Banga and Dr. Shaheen Memon – Assistant Lecturer.
The event concluded with a symbolic signing of the agreement and a commitment from both parties to begin implementation immediately.
Business & Management
Bank of Uganda holds career talk with students: Commits to Annual Monetary policy engagements
On 14th April 2025, the Bank of Uganda in partnership with the College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS) hosted a career talk targeting students studying economics at Makerere University.
The Bank of Uganda is one of the leading employers of students from Makerere University. It is therefore a key strategic partner of Makerere University.
In line with the theme of the career talk, ‘Beyond the Books-Positioning Economics Students for National and Global Relevance,’ the various Speakers shared their student experiences while at the University up to graduation, and their real-life experiences as they transitioned into the world of work. This approach enabled the Speakers to manage the expectations of the students, who in turn, listened attentively to the Speakers, actively participated in the plenary, responded to questions from the Speakers, asked questions after each presentation, and requested for more engagements, mentorship and networking sessions.
From the presentations and discussion, the world of work focused on fields such as economics, business, finance, accounting, entrepreneurship, farming, the academia, the teaching profession, and any other field that presented the Speakers with an opportunity to serve their respective communities.
Featuring Mr. Jonah Waiswa, the Head of Stakeholder Engagement at the Bank of Uganda, the career talk, presented a scenario of, “I have walked this journey. I have been successful. When you listen to my story, you could get some tips and valuable knowledge to guide you as a student who is scheduled to transition into the world of work.”
During the career talk, the students also listened to speeches loaded with words of wisdom and inspiration from the Principal of the College of Business and Management Sciences-Prof. Edward Bbaale, the Dean of the School of Economics- Dr. Ibrahim Mike Okumu, and Lecturers from the School of Economics-Dr. Peter Babyenda and Mr. Fred Kasalirwe.
Welcoming the team from Bank of Uganda, Prof. Edward Bbaale pointed out that their presence signified a continued commitment to nurturing the next generation of economists- who are academically sound and industry-ready.
“The theme for the Career Talk was relevant and timely. As the College prepares students to thrive in a highly competitive and dynamic global economy, it is important that they are exposed to practical experiences and real world insights,” he stated.
According to the Principal, the collaboration between Makerere University and the Bank of Uganda is long-standing and deeply valued. “In the past years, the School of Economics has benefited greatly from this relationship-through teaching of specialized courses such as Monetary Economics and Banking by experts from the Central Bank. Many of our alumni fondly recall these interactions that bridged theory with practice,” he remarked.
To the students, he said, “I urge you to listen keenly, ask questions and make the most of today’s interaction.”
Challenging the students to always utilize opportunities when they arise, the Dean of the School of Economics, Dr. Mike Ibrahim Okumu reminded students that economics is not just about understanding the world, but about changing it.
Dr. Okumu reported that the School of Economics’ esteemed collaboration with the Central Bank has been instrumental in developing the curriculum. “This year, we are excited to launch a Master of Science in Economic and Investment Modelling, admitting a select group of ten students. This programme signifies our commitment to producing graduates who are deeply engaged in practical applications of economics,” he stated.
Building on the goodwill between Makerere University and the Bank of Uganda, Mr. Waiswa was pleased to address the students-who are the prospective employees of the Central Bank as well as future economists.
Impressed by the level of attendance, the keynote Speaker-Mr. Jonah Waiswa commended the College Principal, the Dean and Staff in the School of Economics and the Makerere University Economics Students Society for the excellent mobilization.
He was delighted to address students studying economics at the University because he was once like them. “I was once an undergraduate student like you. I focused on my studies and performed well. I took advantage of the opportunities that came my way. I have spent a number of years working with the central bank,” shared Mr. Waiswa, an alumnus of Makerere University who on completion of his studies was privileged to join the world of work.
In his presentation, Mr. Waiswa highlighted the Bank of Uganda’s mission to foster price stability and a sound financial system, and its vision of being a centre of excellence in upholding macroeconomic stability. The Bank of Uganda is mandated under article 162(1) of the constitution to promote and maintain the stability of the value of the of the currency of Uganda; to regulate the currency system in the interest of the economic progress of Uganda; and to encourage and promote economic development and efficient utilization of resources.
He defined concepts such as monetary policy, macro-economic management policies, inflation and stability of the economy, which are taught in the classroom at Makerere University, and applicable at the Central Bank. He stressed that the cardinal principle of the Bank of Uganda is to control inflation. He made specific reference to some of the values of Bank of Uganda namely Integrity, Accountability, Transparency, professionalism, inclusivity and innovation. He informed students that these values are central to the day to day lives of students who wish to excel in life and at the world of work.
He requested the students to always log on to the central bank website to have a broader understanding of its roles, functions, opportunities that are available to students as well as careers at Bank of Uganda.
Mr. Waiswa highlighted that education is the ladder to socio-economic transformation. He called upon the economics students who have been presented with the golden opportunity to access education up to the level of the university, to reflect on the question. “How do I leverage my education to make myself better?”
With reference to the theme of the Career talk, Mr. Waiswa noted that the starting point is for each student to understand and appreciate the need to concentrate on his or her studies and excel academically. According to him, academic excellence presents an individual with a chance to tap into other opportunities.
In addition to academic excellence, students should prepare to transition into the world of work, which could be, in the form of being employed, or self-employed or an entrepreneur. Mr. Waiswa guided that whatever field in the world of work, an individual pursues, understanding aspects such as self-discipline, time-management, acquisition of additional skills relevant to your work, integrity, accountability, and among others are paramount.
He rallied students to value internship or industrial training, voluntary service, networking and mentorship. He advised them to always navigate the websites of different institutions/companies to understand their roles, the caliber of employees that they require, and to search for opportunities.
Sharing his journey of humble beginnings, completing his undergraduate degree and enrolling into the world of work based on hard-work and merit, Mr. Waiswa informed the students that it is possible to commit to breaking the chains and succeed in life. Emphasizing the importance of education, Mr. Waiswa reminded the students that the fact that they have been able to study at Makerere University, they should harness the power of education to transform their lives and the communities that they come from.
“My journey has been from humble beginnings to a position where I can influence change-it’s a testament to the power of education. Inspiration is critical, and I hope you take something valuable from today,” said Mr. Waiswa.
“For those of you in the second and third year of study, your studies in monetary economics and macroeconomics are foundational. They lead us to understand the practical implications of what we learn in the classroom. However, it’s imperative that we also focus on life experiences and the journey to transformation,” he added.
Education is the ladder that connects us, regardless of where we may find ourselves in Uganda. It is this a common ground that can propel us forward. Leveraging your education to improve your circumstances is key, but it requires a passion and a drive to succeed.
Mr. Waiswa advised the students that the world of work requires employees who read the signs and take off time to acquire additional skills in a particular field. These include: Enrolling to study professional courses, acquisition of ICT skills, adapting to trends such as AI, as well as attaining a Master’s degree in the relevant discipline.
Without mentioning the names of the affected individuals (as confidentiality is concerned), Mr. Waiswa shared a lived experience where he painful witnessed some employees who had served with dedication at a particular organisation missing out at the time for promotion to the managerial level because they lacked a Masters’ degree. He noted that such individuals did not take advantage of availability of funds provided by the same organization to its employees to enroll for further studies.
Reflecting on the world of work, he asked the students, “Who are you out of class? He challenged them to visualize their technical competence (qualification) which includes the technological expertise, productive competence, communication competence (interpersonal relations) and personal development.
On the fundamental aspect of personal growth and development, he used an illustration of the effort pyramid to explain the concepts of growth and development, Job/work, and academics.
He emphasized the need for diversification by investing in more than one asset class. He mentioned stocks, bonds, real estate and cash as some of the asset allocations that could be considered.
Tackling the area of investing, Mr. Waiswa revealed that fundamental wealth creation is about managing risk. “During investment decisions, we are presented with profits and losses, but the most important factor is managing risk,” he guided.
Underscoring the value of being accountable, Mr. Waiswa explained that when an individual secures a job, it is imperative that he or she works for the number of hours agreed upon, and delivers to the best of his or her ability. “After you have accorded your employer the hours agreed upon, it is important to use the rest of the hours or weekends to take on activities that advance your personal growth, networks and additional sources of income,” he said. In this regard, he informed the students, that after his working hours at the Bank of Uganda, he ventures into real-estate, farming, entrepreneurship and building valuable networks.
On the issue of prioritizing work and valuing networks, he said: “Despite my busy weekends dedicated to farming, I prioritized being here today because I am committed to my personal growth and that of my future generations. Remember that what you expect of life is often what you have to work tirelessly to achieve.”
He believes that after graduation and getting into the world of work, one should be able to marry or get married, produce children and balance work with family when he or she is still energetic. He encouraged the would be husbands to trust their partners, to be specific-by involving their wives in businesses and decision making processes.
Wrapping up, Mr. Waiswa disclosed that officials from the Bank of Uganda will be scheduled to come to Makerere University every year to discuss monetary policy and career prospects at the Bank. “Effective July 2025, we will implement a deliberate plan to come and engage with students at the College of Business and Management Sciences,” he said.
On behalf of the students, Mr. Swaibuh Damulira, the President of the Makerere University Economics Students Society applauded the Bank of Uganda team for creating time to enlighten students about the world of work. He testified that the career talk had enabled him to learn new things and very important ideas about the life style cycle. He called for continuity of career guidance initiatives for the benefit of the students.
On behalf of the Organising Committee, Dr. Peter Babyenda thanked Mr. Jonah Waiswa for dedicating time to share his rich and wide real life experiences with students. “As economists, it is vital to understand current challenges and devise solutions. Networking is essential for it presents us with the ability to collaborate effectively,” he explained.
“Together, we aim to link the University with policy makers, reducing the distance between the academia and the real world. I thank Fred Kasalirwe and the Class coordinators for their unwavering support in organizing this career talk,” he remarked.
Dr. Babyenda underscored the importance of students’ participation, when he stated, “Remember, the university experience is incomplete without you, our students, who are our greatest resource. Let us continue fostering these important connections.”
The career talk climaxed with a specialized session scheduled for student leaders to visit the Central Bank next month for an in-depth discussion.
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