Education
Resurrecting forgotten history: African Slave trade & modern-day slavery
The Centre for Teaching and Learning Support, CEES in collaboration with the University College London, UK organized an Educational webinar entitled: Omissions in Sloane’s Jamaican collections: African slave trade and modern slavery building shared futures. The webinar held on 28th July, 2023 saw over 40 participants; lecturers, students from Makerere University and other Public and Private universities engaging in debates on addressing contemporary challenges as such Modern Slavery.
The Educational webinar was spearheaded by Dr. Dorothy Sebbowa and panelists; Dr. Mary Kakeeto and Dr. Zaid Sekitto all from Makerere University.
Dr. Dorothy Kyagaba Ssebowa who is a Sloane Lab Community Fellow began the webinar with a citation from William Wordsworth who once said: ‘Let us learn from the past to profit by the present, to live better in the future.’
Dr. Kyagaba noted that, Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753) was a significant historical figure of the 18th Century who collected artifacts (flora& fauna) from Jamaica on the enslaved Africans during the Transatlantic Slave trade. Upon his death in 1753, Sloane bequeathed his collections which laid the foundations for the establishment of the world’s first free national and public museum, the British Museum. That is why his role as a pioneer cataloguist is remembered in museum, archival research and history education scholarship. Dr. Kyagaba argued that, although Sloane frequently included information about how locals such African Slaves used objects, herbal medicine, cultural and life experiences, this information is not only filtered and interpreted through Western lenses, but it is often viewed and dismissed as misinformation substantiating superstitious practices. Additionally, the history of slavery and the experience of enslaved people in museum, archival and history education scholarship has been largely un-investigated with notable gaps and omissions as reflected in the Specialist Guide to the Sloane Jamaican Database. Using Sloane’s guide as a key unit of analysis, the project examined the historicity and methodologies through the lens of Sloane’s involvement in the local of Jamaica the African Slave trade and enslavement (previously ignored or marginalized histories).
Okra and Kola Nut
To this end, two objects identified from Sloane’s Herbaruim: Okra and Kola all from the West African origin. The rationale for obtaining the two plants/objects were transported by the enslaved Africans from Africa to America as during the Transatlantic Slave trade. They are catalogued as Sloane’s Herbaruim collections 1687-89 (Natural History Museum, London). Okra particularly bears a West African name ‘ Okuru’. Okra is rich in vitamins B, C and it a source of lubrication among women.
Kola (Cola ntilida) from West African origin also bears an indigenous name ‘Bichy’. During the Transatlantic slave trade, it was used as a herb and medicine for taking away poison. It is currently useful in different parts of Africa as a medicine, trading commodity and the nuts help the body to get rid of excess water. These plants attach significance to African plant knowledge transfer and medicines. Such local medicines have since been useful in managing COVID 19. Accordingly, Historical hermeneutics emphasizes the conversation, relevance between the past, present and anticipated future
Dr. Kyagaba in her study of Sloane’s works found that Sloane does not recognize that plants such as Kola Nut and Okra were brought into Jamaica by slaves from West Africa during the Transatlantic Slave trade.
She contends that “although Sloane frequently included information about how locals such as African slaves used objects, herbal medicine, cultural life, and experiences, this information is filtered and interpreted through the Western lens. It is also often dismissed as misinformation substantiating superstitious practices.”
Okra, as she discovered originated from west Africa and was called Okuru. It is to this day still being eaten as a soup in west Africa. Okra is rich in vitamins A and C, as well as antioxidants that help reduce the risk of serious health conditions like cancer, diabetes, stroke, and heart disease. Okra is also a good source of Magnesium.
The research speaks to a relationship between the past, the present and the future.
The other herb that was investigated was Kola Nut, which is also said to have originated from West Africa.
In Igbo Culture in Nigeria Kola Nut is the first thing to be served to a visitor as they believe that it symbolizes peace and shows one is welcomed in peace. It symbolizes peace, unity, reconciliation, integrity, life, fraternity, hospitality, goodwill and kindness.
Dr. Kyagaba said that there is an argument that non-European peoples may have served on projects of imperial medicine, but the full extent of their pharmaceutical and medical knowledge was concealed, ignored, and sometimes lost. This contribution by the slaves ought to have been documented, Dr. Kyagaba argues.
The researchers found that Sloane’s writings were biased and prejudiced. The contribution of African slaves or their names were omitted from Sloane’s catalogue and yet they had a big role to play in the civilization of the Americas.
Between 1517 and 1867, about 12.5 million Africans were forced into slavery. These Africans were purchased by Europeans and sold in the Americas for a profit. In spite of their contributions to civilization, there is not enough documentation of the same. Dr. Kyagaba in her submission called for documentation of these forgotten history. ‘It is important for African historians to write and reconstruct and deconstruct history that has been given to us. Above all let the learners together with their teachers engage in a collaborative interpretation of the historical narratives presented to them.’
Dr. Kakeeto Mary a key panelist of the webinar joined the conversation and conceptualized Modern Slavery. She said that Slavery is not only historical, today over 50 million people are victims of modern slavery which is mainly affecting the Global South.
She defined modern slavery in a number of ways: when an individual is exploited by others, for personal or commercial gain. Whether tricked, coerced, or forced, they lose their freedom. That manifestations of modern slavery include but is not limited to human/child/drug trafficking, forced labour, debt bondage, force marriages, sex slavery among others.
Many people who joined the online discussion through the metimeter link chats agreed with Dr. Kakeeto that modern slavery exists in many countries citing the enslavement of Ugandans who travel to the Arab world in search of employment. ‘Unlike the historical slavery, Modern slavery is disguised!’.
Additionally, Dr. Zaid Sekitto remarked that, youths are taken to the Arab world by labour companies that pay little or no attention to them, their health insurance once they get to the homes of their employers. That, the Business and Human Rights Resource Centre recently reported a family of a Ugandan lady that had allegedly been physically harmed by her employer in Saudi Arabia until her death. That, the most vulnerable groups are: women, young girls and children.
Discussants of the Webinar proposed solutions for addressing modern Slavery by calling on the government to create employment for Ugandans, enforce skills as reflected in the Competency based curriculum at the secondary level, empowerment, respect for cultures and women, create awareness and sensitization about the modern slavery and its ills, as well as implement anti-slavery laws and promote fair labor laws and practices.
The U.S Ambassador to Uganda William W. Popp, has called on institutions of higher learning to groom and shape active citizens. The ambassador was delivering a keynote address at the Annual Prof. William Senteza Kajubi Fulbright Memorial Lecture, held on Thursday October 3, 2024 at Makerere University’s Yusuf Lule Auditorium.
“Higher education is not just about earning degrees; it is about cultivating the skills and values that create active, engaged citizens who can contribute to a better world,” H.E. William W. Popp said.
Ambassador Popp emphasized the crucial role universities play in nurturing responsible citizens. By fostering debate, advocacy and governance participation, universities equip students with the tools needed for leadership in their communities and beyond. “Universities are essential for promoting civic participation, critical thinking, and informed citizenship—key components of a healthy democracy. A vibrant democracy relies on citizens who can engage constructively and peacefully with each other and their leaders,” he explained.
He elaborated on how universities contribute to civic education by offering courses in disciplines like political science, history, and sociology. These programs inform students about democratic systems, civil rights, and global issues, while also providing platforms for interaction with current and former political leaders, he said.
Ambassador Popp highlighted the importance of fostering critical thinking and debate. “By engaging in discussions around complex issues, students learn to form informed opinions and engage in responsible democratic discourse.” He noted that universities empower individuals through education, internships, and student councils, laying the groundwork for active and informed citizenship. “History shows that universities are incubators of social movements, where students challenge the status quo and advocate for policies that benefit society.”
Panel discussants
Dr. Pamela Tibihikirra-Kalyegira, Director of the Law Development Centre, reinforced these points by outlining three core roles of universities: teaching, applied research, and community engagement. “We must reflect on how well we are fulfilling these responsibilities,” she urged, encouraging students to adopt a lifelong learning mindset and recognize that no one can know everything.
Dr. Ruth Biyinzika, Coordinator of the GROW Project at the Private Sector Foundation Uganda (PSFU), shared insights on various opportunities available to students that can help them navigate their career paths. She also called on parents to actively engage in shaping their children’s educational journeys before they transition to higher education institutions.
In honoring the legacy of Prof. Senteza Kajubi, Makerere University Vice Chancellor Prof. Barnabas Nawangwe praised him as one of Uganda’s most influential educationists. A two-time Vice Chancellor and the first Fulbright from Uganda, Prof. Kajubi opened doors for many African students to benefit from the Fulbright scholarship. Prof. Nawangwe recalled his personal friendship with Kajubi, highlighting the wisdom he gained from him.
During Uganda’s struggle with the HIV/AIDS epidemic, Prof. Kajubi played a pivotal role in establishing a partnership between Makerere University and Case Western Reserve University in the U.S., which helped train staff to manage the crisis. “The first COVID-19 testing kits we received at Mulago Hospital were donated by Case Western Reserve University—400,000 free kits,” noted Prof. Nawangwe, emphasizing the enduring impact of Prof. Kajubi’s contributions to Makerere University and Uganda.
Through these discussions, the lecture underscored the vital role of higher education in not only developing individual capabilities but also fostering a more engaged and informed citizenry, ultimately contributing to a stronger democracy.
Scholars at Makerere University have developed a set of competencies to guide graduate secondary school teachers in Uganda, focusing on effectively teaching students under the new lower secondary curriculum. The initiative, spearheaded by Dr. Yuda Taddeo Kaahwa as Principal Investigator (PI), includes contributions from Dr. Rebecca Nambi, Dr. Richard Balikoowa, Mr. Edward Kansiime, and Mr. Cale Santus.
This research project, funded by the Government of Uganda through the Makerere University Research and Innovations Fund (Mak-RIF), gathered data from teachers, head teachers, and curriculum specialists across various regions. The findings were unveiled on September 12, 2024, during a dissemination workshop at Makerere University.
“Our research found that most teachers are still using the old curriculum and are not meeting the required standards for teaching under the new lower secondary curriculum,” Dr. Kaahwa revealed. He emphasized the need for a paradigm shift, highlighting that the new curriculum requires a learner-centered approach, unlike the traditional teacher-centered methods.
The survey was conducted across 15 schools, with 25 participants from each institution, as well as 30 curriculum specialists. The study revealed significant gaps in the teachers’ readiness to implement the new Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC), as many were trained under the old curriculum.
To address this, the scholars have outlined plans for training sessions at teacher training institutions, aiming to equip future educators with the skills necessary to meet the new curriculum’s demands. Dr. Kaahwa called for government support to ensure the successful implementation of this project, which has so far focused on teachers in the Humanities, Sciences, History, and Languages.
“A secondary school teacher must be creative, with excellent communication skills, to effectively convey knowledge to their learners,” Dr. Kaahwa stated, also stressing the importance of integrating technology into the learning process. He noted that the new curriculum’s learner-centered approach emphasizes critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration, making teacher creativity and adaptability vital.
Dr. Richard Balikoowa proposed the creation of discussion groups among teachers to foster interpersonal communication skills and boost learner confidence. “Teachers must possess diverse knowledge in their disciplines and be able to identify and nurture their learners’ strengths and weaknesses,” he added.
The research, which began in 2022 following the introduction of the new curriculum, found that many teachers lacked a deep understanding of the competencies required for the CBC. This gap is largely due to teachers being trained in the outdated curriculum and needing time to “relearn” the new teaching strategies.
Prof. Anthony Muwagga Mugagga, Principal of the College of Education and External Studies (CEES), commended the scholars for their impactful research, which is poised to drive significant progress in Uganda’s education system. He highlighted the project as a crucial step toward improving teacher effectiveness under the new curriculum.
Prof. Fred Masagazi Masaazi, Chairperson of Mak-RIF, also praised the project, labeling it one of the most successful initiatives aimed at enhancing the competence profile of graduate secondary teachers in Uganda. He pledged ongoing support to ensure the project’s successful implementation, with the goal of shifting teacher practices to align with the new curriculum’s objectives.
However, challenges remain in ensuring widespread adoption of the new curriculum, particularly in private schools, where teachers are often unable or unwilling to attend government-organized training sessions. Nansana Municipal Inspector of Schools, Mr. Patrick Desire Nsubuga, emphasized the need for collective action from all stakeholders. “If we all agree to acquire the necessary skills, our children will better understand the curriculum,” he said.
Mr. Kinosa Daniel Mutumba, a teacher at Walibo Seed Secondary School in Luuka District, urged the government to deploy facilitators with in-depth knowledge of the new curriculum. “Some facilitators lack the expertise needed to guide teachers, which ultimately affects learners, especially when it comes to interpreting complex scenario-based questions in humanities subjects,” Mr. Mutumba remarked.
He also called on the government to provide more funding to fully implement the new curriculum and to increase the number of instructors available to train teachers in different districts.
As scholars continue refining the competencies and training frameworks, the hope is that teachers across Uganda will be better equipped to provide high-quality education under the Competence-Based Curriculum, thereby improving learning outcomes for students nationwide.
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