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Research findings show that Iron levels of blood donors in Uganda are low

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Makerere University researchers have released research findings showing that some blood donors in Uganda have low iron levels,low iron stores are common in blood donors, and that the donors who are deferred for low blood levels have limited insight into their situation. The findings were presented at a research dissemination workshop held on the 15th November 2022 at Makerere University College of Health Sciences.

In his remarks, Dr. Aggrey Dhabangi, Principal Investigator (PI) of the study explained that lack of iron may result in anaemia, which in turn makes blood donors ineligible to donate. ‘Other complications arising from low iron include, fatigue, low energy, and depression’, he added.

Statistics show that Uganda collects about 300,000 blood donations per year which is below the WHO recommended target of one donation per 100 population per year. As such, more donations are needed to increase blood supply. However, 10% of potential donors are turned away (deferred), 25% of these are due to low blood levels (anaemia); these missed donations may further exacerbate blood shortages in the country. Thresholds for eligibility to donate are 12.5g/dL and 13.5 g/dL for women and men respectively.

A total of 500 donors were involved in the cross-sectional study conducted within the central region blood collection sites of the Uganda Blood Transfusion Services (UBTS). The key findings of the study included:

  • The results showed that, of all potential donors screened to donate, 20.6 % had low iron stores. Among donors with blood levels acceptable to donate, 11.5% had low iron stores, while among those already turned away from donating for low blood levels, 61.5% also had had low iron.
  • The prevalence of low iron stores was higher among females (33.0%) compared to males (2.5%), but even higher among younger females i.e., 24 years and below (35.4%).
  • Further analysis revealed that, NOT eating an“iron-rich” diet was a major factor linked to low storesamong blood donors.
  • Interviews with donors turned away from donating for low blood levels revealed that many did not receive sufficient explanations as to why they were turned away, and what they were told was sometimes confusing to them.
  • Although the majority were surprised to be found with low blood levels and seemed frustrated for being turned away; deferral for low blood levels was generally poorly understood. Some interpreted it to mean, they had just ‘enough blood for themselves, but not enough to donate’. Others took the issue very lightly, yet their iron measurements have shown that 61.5% of these individuals besides being low on blood, they also had low iron.

The researchers gave the following recommendations:

  • Dietary (Iron-rich diet):Action – The population should be encouraged to adopt healthy eating lifestyle/diet which is iron-rich.Foods like leafy greens (bbugga, dodo, nakati), liver, beef, beans among others should be included in diets.
  • Behavioural change communicationon nutrition should be instituted to get the populations to change their diets and eating habits.
  • Consider Iron supplements for the population to repleteiron stores. The UBTS/Ministry of Health can offer iron pills to the affected donors. In the past this was done.
  • Identify donors at risk of Iron Deficiency through screening to identify affected persons early enough for interventions.
  • Improved communication is necessary for better handling of blood donors; the capacity of UBTS staff should be built; produce IEC materials for deferred donors: anaemia treatment, and prevention
  • Referral – to physicians for work-up and further management of anaemia

This study was made possible through collaboration between Makerere University College of Health Sciences and Uganda Blood Transfusion Services. Funding support was provided by the Government of the Republic of Uganda, through the Makerere University Research and Innovations Fund (Mak-RIF) – Round 3, financial year 2021/22.

Research Team: Dr. Aggrey Dhabangi (Principal Investigator (PI) and Co-PIs Dr. Godfrey Siu, Dr. Ronald Ssenyonga, Dr. Susan Acan, Mrs. Dorothy Kyeyune, and Dr. Imelda Bates.

Zaam Ssali

Health

Call for Abstracts: 2nd East African Symposium and Expo on Trauma, Injuries, and Emergency Care – 2025

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Kickoff training for teams tasked with collecting data for the Uganda Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment (UPHIA) 2024-2025, held 19th May 2025, Makerere University School of Public Health (MakSPH) Auditorium, Main Campus, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

The Makerere University School of Public Health (MakSPH) is excited to invite researchers, professionals, and students to be part of an inspiring and impactful event!

Venue: School of Public Health Auditorium, Makerere University Main Campus
Dates: August 7–8, 2025
Theme: “Understanding the burden and impact of injuries in East Africa to improve Emergency Care preparedness, mitigation, and response.”

Submit Your Abstracts Now!

Join the conversation that drives change in trauma and emergency care across East Africa. Share your research, innovations, and insights that can shape the future of healthcare response in our region.

Submission Deadline: July 10, 2025
Submit here: triadcommunications@musph.ac.ug
Register to Attend: https://aapug.org/east-african-symposium-and-expo-on-trauma-injury-disability-and-emergency-care-2025/

Together, let’s drive change and improve lives through research and collaboration. Don’t miss this opportunity to make a difference!

Mak Editor

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Health

Scholarship Opportunity: Impact of Food Supplementation

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Dr. Roselline Achola on Graduation day being welcomed by her teachers following her PhD award. 75th Graduation Ceremony, Day 2, CoBAMS, CHS and CoNAS. 14th January 2025, Freedom Square, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

MAKERERE UNIVERSITY CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER

PhD SCHOLARSHIP FELLOWSHIP TRAINING ADVERTISEMENT

Impact of Food Supplementation on Health, Growth, and Development for Stunted
Children

We are seeking to appoint a full-time PhD Fellow to conduct a randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) among 300 young children with stunting to assess the effect of Soy Lipid-based Nutrient Supplement with high versus low levels of antinutrients on growth and health of children on a DANIDA-supported project entitled “Climate-resilient soybean for improved growth and health of children in Uganda” (Healthy Soy). The PhD fellow will coordinate the RCT protocol development and its implementation, develop and nest his/her PhD protocol as part-of the RCT study. The PhD student will be hosted at the Child Health and Development Center School of Medicine College of Health Sciences, Makerere University. The PhD student will take part in literature review; designing, planning and conducting of studies; analysing results; writing reports and contributing to technical and policy briefs, journal articles and thesis; project management; organizing research seminars and stakeholder workshops; and guiding junior researchers and teaching. The PhD student will have access to online libraries, scientific databases and software for data analysis throughout their work. In addition, the student will be mentored by national and international researchers to develop scientific research and project management skills with three months stay in Denmark. By the end of the project, the selected candidate will have obtained significant competencies to explain the interactions between nutrition and health of children, growth and development. In addition, the student will gain skills in assessment of body composition, development and conduct of clinical trials design, scholarly writing and presentations, data analysis and interdisciplinary research.

Prospective candidates must:

  • Hold Masters in any of the following or equivalents: Human Nutrition, Dietetics, Public
    Health Nutrition, Medicine in Paediatrics and Child Health, Public Health or
  • Epidemiology with undergraduate training in Medicine and Surgery (MBChB/MBBS/MD).
  • Having publication experience will be an added advantage.
  • Be highly motivated and interested in pursuing rigorous research
  • Be committed to a long-term research career in Human Nutrition and Health
  • Be of untainted integrity
  • Be able to use different software for data analysis and graphics.

Successful fellow will be expected to:

  • Conduct high quality research leading to publications in high-impact journals (must be
    ready to work towards publishing a minimum of one quality paper per year).
  • Contribute to research capacity building including training of undergraduate and M.Sc.
    students in the host department.
  • The project will avail financial support to the successful PhD Fellow for 4 years. Funds
    will cover: PhD tuition for 4 years; monthly stipend; research supplies and reagents;
    conference participation and other research-related costs.

Interested applicants should send an application letter, motivation statement, two
recommendation letters, CV and academic transcripts and certificates for all university
qualifications in an email titled “PhD Fellowship Application – Healthy Soy Project” to
chdc.desk@mak.ac.ug by 26th June 20205.

Female candidates are strongly encouraged to apply. Only shortlisted applicants will be
contacted for interviews.

Mak Editor

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MakCHS Commemorates the ‘Silent Teacher’

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Ag. DVCAA Prof. Buyinza Mukadasi and Principal MakCHS Prof. Bruce Kirenga at the service. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher-cadavers used in anatomy classes for medical students, created awareness and sensitised the public about importance of whole body donation, 30th May 2025, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

At a ceremony held on 30th May 2025, themed ‘They taught us without saying a word’, the Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher which are the cadavers (bodies) used in anatomy classes for medical students. In addition to a commemoration service, the event was used to create awareness and sensitise the public about the the importance of whole body donation.

The chief guest at the commemoration was Professor Mukadasi Buyinza, Deputy Vice Chancellor – Academic Affairs representing the Vice Chancellor, Professor Barnabas Nawangwe. The event attended by MakCHS students, staff and alumni was organised by students under Anatomy Society of MakCHS supported by Department of Anatomy and MakCHS leadership.

MakCHS Leadership and staff during service. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher-cadavers used in anatomy classes for medical students, created awareness and sensitised the public about importance of whole body donation, 30th May 2025, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
MakCHS Leadership and staff during service.

Welcoming guests to the event, Waziwu Mordecai–final year student of medicine and surgery who serves as President of the Anatomy Society, MakCHS explained that the reason for the gathering is three-pronged: to commemorate the silent teachers who make a profound contribution to medical education; to instill knowledge, compassion, and professionalism in future healthcare providers; and call on the community to support this noble act through awareness, advocacy, or future donation. ‘May the memory of our silent teachers live on in every life we will one day save’, he said.

The Anatomy society was founded in 2013 with aim of students providing peer mentorship to fellow students in lower years, such mentorship sessions help students appreciate better the anatomy of the human body. The society has supported:enhanced learning and mentorship; promoted academic participation including internal and external quizzes; and fostered connections including strengthen relationships between students across classes and with alumni.

HoD Anatomy Prof. Elisa Mwaka. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher-cadavers used in anatomy classes for medical students, created awareness and sensitised the public about importance of whole body donation, 30th May 2025, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
HoD Anatomy Prof. Elisa Mwaka.

Professor Elisa Mwaka, Head – Department of Human Anatomy welcomed all present for attending the ceremony. He thanked the College management led by the Principal, Professor Bruce Kirenga for the support provided in organizing the ceremony. He also expressed utmost appreciation to the Vice Chancellor for attending despite the competing priorities requiring his attention.

Professor Mwaka highlighted that we are here today, to pay our respect to the individuals whose bodies have been used for medical examination and research at MakCHS through offering prayers as well as sensitize people about willful/consented whole body donation.

Service in session. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher-cadavers used in anatomy classes for medical students, created awareness and sensitised the public about importance of whole body donation, 30th May 2025, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Service in session.

Professor Mwaka explained that globally, sources of whole bodies for medical education and research are got through willed whole-body donation, unclaimed bodies in hospitals, imported bodies, executed persons among other means. In Uganda, unclaimed bodies in hospitals are used for medical as determined by the Uganda National Rules in the Penal Code Act of 1957.

In 2012 International Federation of Anatomy Associations (IFAA) recommended voluntary donation as the desirable and the only acceptable source for acquiring bodies. Almost all Africa countries and some European countries lack national body donation programs.

Principal Prof. Bruce Kirenga. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher-cadavers used in anatomy classes for medical students, created awareness and sensitised the public about importance of whole body donation, 30th May 2025, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Principal Prof. Bruce Kirenga.

Speaking at the event, Professor Bruce Kirenga, Principal – MakCHS thanked Professor Mwaka for the insightful presentation. He welcomed Professor Buyinza to MakCHS and for accepting to attend despite the late invitation. He recognized the presence of the staff present and support towards the college activities.

Professor Kirenga underlined the importance of biomedical science under which human anatomy falls in medical education. ‘Biomedical sciences play a key role, once someone in grounded in the area, then he will be a good doctor’, he said.

Students with Principal in black suit and Prof. Mwaka Erisa_HoD Anatomy first right. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher-cadavers used in anatomy classes for medical students, created awareness and sensitised the public about importance of whole body donation, 30th May 2025, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Students with Principal in black suit and Prof. Mwaka Erisa_HoD Anatomy first right.

The Principal also stressed that during his term of office operation efficiency will remain key ingredient for service delivery as well as rebuilding and rehabilitation of teaching and learning facilities. ‘Works to make the Biochemistry laboratory a model lab has commenced with a contract awarded to service provider; the refurbishment will be in phases’.

Professor Buyinza Mukadasi thanked the College, Human Anatomy department and the students for organizing the commemoration. ‘The amount of joy I have this morning, we should have done this a long time ago’, he said.

Prof. Buyinza Mukadasi. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher-cadavers used in anatomy classes for medical students, created awareness and sensitised the public about importance of whole body donation, 30th May 2025, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Buyinza Mukadasi.

He expressed happiness at this commemoration for the silent teachers who unknowingly give so much to medical education and therefore mankind. He advised that community engagement to create awareness about the need for whole-body donation, regulatory compliance, and alignment to best practices.

He noted that disciplines like medicine is more like charity because medical practitioners give so much of themselves. ‘The number of people attending this ceremony is show of love for the discipline and commitment to the calling’ he said.

Candle lighting by Medical Students President. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher-cadavers used in anatomy classes for medical students, created awareness and sensitised the public about importance of whole body donation, 30th May 2025, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Candle lighting by Medical Students President.

Professor Buyinza reiterated the commitment of Makerere University management to support MakCHS endeavours including this culture of commemorating the silent teacher. ‘Well-trained and season doctors are a result of the process explained here and the absence of bodies affects the quality of education provided and therefore the doctors produced’, he added.

Candles for the cadavers were lit and services representative of Anglican, Catholics and Muslims were conducted to remember the souls of the departed and wish them a peaceful rest. Ordinand Cosmas Ddembe for Anglican, Father Valentine Amuneke for Catholic and Dr. Haruna Kiryowa for Muslim preached the importance of respect for the dead and sacrifices of the dead for advancement of research and education in the medical field and health services.

Ordinand Cosmas Ddembe. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher-cadavers used in anatomy classes for medical students, created awareness and sensitised the public about importance of whole body donation, 30th May 2025, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Ordinand Cosmas Ddembe.

Fr. Valentine Amuneke. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher-cadavers used in anatomy classes for medical students, created awareness and sensitised the public about importance of whole body donation, 30th May 2025, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Fr. Valentine Amuneke.

Dr. Haruna Kiryowa. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher-cadavers used in anatomy classes for medical students, created awareness and sensitised the public about importance of whole body donation, 30th May 2025, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Haruna Kiryowa.

Giving closing remarks, Professor Mwaka noted that setting up whole-body donation programs in Africa requires a holistic approach involving education, cultural sensitivity, legal structures, and partnerships with medical institutions.

Reasons why Africa has failed to establish body donation programs:

  • Low awareness and willingness to donate bodies.
  • Cultural and traditional beliefs
  • Religious beliefs
  • Fear of mishanding bodies
  • Lack of legislation/ ambiguous regulations
  • Lack of institutional policies and standard operating procedures
  • Institutions should be encouraged to hold Services of thanksgiving or commemoration for those who have donated their bodies for medical education and research.
Students choir singing hymns. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher-cadavers used in anatomy classes for medical students, created awareness and sensitised the public about importance of whole body donation, 30th May 2025, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Students choir singing hymns.

The following is required to change the current status:

  • Cultural sensitivity and awareness
    • Community engagement and awareness creation
    • Educational campaigns
  • Developing legal and ethical frameworks
  • Building partnerships between hospitals and medical institutions
  • Establishing local body donation systems i.e.,
    • donation registration process,
    • consent documentation,
    • Logistical infrastructure necessary for the
  • donation process.
  • Effective communication, public trust,transparency.
  • Training and professional development of healthcare providers.
  • Global collaboration and funding: to share knowledge, best practices, and resources.
  • Government support
    • Funding and incentives
    • Inclusion of body donation in national health strategies.
Students with staff. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher-cadavers used in anatomy classes for medical students, created awareness and sensitised the public about importance of whole body donation, 30th May 2025, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Students with staff.

Students pose for the camera. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) commemorated the silent teacher-cadavers used in anatomy classes for medical students, created awareness and sensitised the public about importance of whole body donation, 30th May 2025, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Students pose for the camera.

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Zaam Ssali

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