Research
Call for Applications: PhD Research Grants
Published
3 years agoon
By
Mak Editor
BACKGROUND
Funding opportunity description: Makerere University received special funding from the Government of the Republic of Uganda, to support high impact Research and Innovations that will accelerate national development. The Financial Year 2022/23 will be the fourth year of this fund’s availability. The fund illustrates the increasing importance that the Government attaches to Research and Innovation as a driver of socio-economic transformation. The objective of the fund is to increase the local generation of translatable research and scalable innovations that address key gaps required to drive Uganda’s development agenda. Over the last three Financial Years (2019/2020, 2020/21 and 2021/2022), government appropriated 79 Billion Uganda Shillings to support this Fund. Between the two years, MakRIF has funded a total of 775 projects across all sectors critical for development. In the next Financial Year (2022/23), Makerere University expects to receive about 30 Billion Uganda shillings (about US$ 8.1 million) under the Government Research and Innovation Fund (RIF). Of this, at least 3 Billion Shillings will fund PhD research ideas that generate knowledge that addresses national development priorities. The Makerere University Research and Innovation Grants Management Committee (GMC) therefore announces the RIF Round 4, Track 2 (PhD Research Grants). Available funds are obligated for the Financial Year 2022/2023, with an expectation of actionable results that speak to the National Research and Innovation Agenda. The GMC therefore invites applications from PhD students with original research ideas that demonstrate a clear link to key thematic areas of the National Research and Innovation Agenda.
This is a closed call that is open to only PhD students. This funding call is specifically targeted to PhD students that are full time at Makerere University.
Grant amounts and estimated number of awards: The GMC estimates to award the following number and amount of PhD Research Grants:
Category | Amount per award | Approximate Number | Total amount |
Category 1: Arts and Humanities | Up to 25,000,000/= | 50* | 1,250,000,000/= |
Category 2: Sciences | Up to 35,000,000/= | 50* | 1,750,000,000/= |
Total | 100 | 3,000,000,000/= |
*Note: The numbers shown are only indicative. The MakRIF GMC reserves the right to adjust the numbers based on the quality of the proposals submitted.
Applicants should take into consideration the following:
- Given that the MakRIF funds are received on an annual basis, and are tied to a specific financial year, the current grant only commits to funding the awardee for a period of one year. This award therefore covers one financial year.
- However, the MakRIF GMC is cognizant of the fact that PhD research often spreads over more than one year in which case it requires multi-year funding. Because of this reality, PhD students who are funded under this round will be eligible for extension funding in the following financial year. Second year funding will not be automatic but will be conditional to the following: 1) Availability of funds, 2) Showing cause as to which additional areas of research will be covered in the second year of funding, 3) Successful execution and completion of all the objectives for Year 1 funding, evidenced by full submission of the required deliverables; 4) Full technical and financial accountability for all the funds given to the researcher during the current year of funding. Students would have to apply for the follow-on funding through the next year’s PhD Research Grant call.
- The GMC recognizes that the amounts indicated for this award may not be sufficient to cover all the necessary costs for a student’s project. In such cases, the award should be considered as a contribution and the students should mobilize additional funding to bridge the resource gaps.
- The number of awards indicated are only estimated and the GMC retains the discretion to determine the amount and number of awards based on the actual funding that MakRIF funders will make available and the number of quality proposals submitted.
Scope and Technical Description of the Research and Innovation Grant
The GMC conducted a comprehensive stakeholder consultation to identify priority thematic areas of interest for national development. The GMC triangulated this information with that from the National Development Plan III, the Makerere University Strategic Plan and Research Agenda to develop an instructive MakRIF research agenda that responds to national development priorities. The RIF Round 4, Track 2 (PhD Research Grants) will therefore specifically target research and innovation projects that align with priority thematic issues in the MakRIF instructive Research Agenda under 14 thematic areas as follows:
Theme 1: Transforming the Agricultural sector to drive development
Theme 2: Achieving Sustainable health as a means to sustainable development
Theme 3: Re-imagining Education to unlock capacity for economic development
Theme 4: Water, sanitation and the environment: A pre-requisite to sustainable development
Theme 5: Harnessing the social sector, culture and arts to drive development
Theme 6. Harnessing Tourism, wildlife and heritage for development
Theme 7: Sustainable Planning, finance and monitoring as catalysts for growth
Theme 8: Leveraging public service and local administration for efficient service delivery
Theme 9: Defence and security: Achieving sustainable peace and stability
Theme 10: Strengthening law, governance, human rights and international cooperation as prerequisites for development
Theme 11: Harnessing Information and Communication Technology to drive development
Theme 12: Works, manufacturing, science and technology as tools to accelerate development
Theme 13: Solutions to catalyse business and enterprise
Theme 14: Energy and Minerals as drivers of rapid economic development
Click here to view details of each theme.
The Mak-RIF PhD Research Grants will cover all technical disciplines in Makerere University as long as the research questions align with the instructive research agenda themes above. Particular attention will be paid to ideas that have clear potential for scalability to drive development.
Note: This grant covers the coasts of research. It does not cover payment of tuition or living stipends for the PhD students.
Eligibility
The PhD research grants will only be open to PhD students who have been approved for full registration at Makerere University. Students who have already received full scholarships under other award programs are not eligible to apply for these grants as this will constitute double funding. In line with this, PhD students who are members of academic faculty of Makerere University are not eligible since they are covered by the Staff Development Program. This funding is only open to Makerere University students. PhD students registered in other universities are not eligible for this funding. Further specifications on the awards are as follows:
- Applicants must be at a stage where they have been approved for full registration as PhD students at Makerere University. Being at the stage of full registration means that they have developed a full research proposal that has been approved by the respective Higher Degrees Research Committee in their academic unit, and that they have been have been recommended for full registration OR are fully registered by Makerere University. Applicants will be required to provide evidence of one of the following: Minutes of the Higher Degrees Research Committee in their Academic college, showing approval of their research proposal, OR a full registration certificate.
- Because the research funds are provided for one year funding cycles, PhD students with provisional registration will not be eligible for funding under this award since the time required for them to complete full proposal development and to start data collection is unlikely to fit within the financial year.
- These grants are limited to PhD students who do not have prior funding for their studies or whose funding is inadequate to cover their research. Applicants in the latter category must make full disclosure of their other funding sources and what they cover.
- Applicants should provide a letter of support from any one of the following: 1) The Head of their Department, or 2) The Dean of their School, or 3) the Principal of their College (Only one of these is sufficient).
- Applicants should provide a letter of support from one of their Supervisors within Makerere University. The letter should clearly indicate that they do not have other funding that fully covers their research/training activities, or where such funding is available, they should indicate what aspects of the student’s study program it covers and the funding gap. The supporting Supervisor will be designated as a co-Investigator on the research project.
GRANT GUIDELINES
MakRIF PhD Research Grant applicants will submit a competitive project proposal for the available funding. The proposal ought to specify the objectives for the full research project. It should also indicate which of the full research objectives will be specifically met by the available funding for this financial year.
Students intending to apply for multi-year funding in the subsequent years will be required to indicate so. In such cases, the students should indicate which study objectives would be covered by the extension funding.
The research problem: The proposal should clearly articulate the knowledge gap that the researcher targets to address, and why it is important to address this knowledge gap. The research problem should be aligned to at least one theme in the MakRIF research agenda.
The proposed solution: PhD Researchers should present the proposed solution in form of the research focus for the current phase of the funding. They should clearly articulate the objectives of the planned research. Researchers should also describe the critical content of the solution (i.e., the ‘research methodology’). Researchers should defend the relevance of the proposed solution to addressing key development outcomes in the respective sector and its alignment to one or more thematic areas specified in this call. Researchers should also demonstrate that at least one objective of their research project is implementable within one (1) year and will result in tangible results within one year of execution.
Research projects that require multi-year implementation will only be considered if they can show actionable intermediate results or objectives attainable within 1 implementation year, since funding will be on a yearly basis. Apart from a summary of the proposed approach, researchers will provide a more detailed description of their technical approach (research methodology) to enable a robust assessment of the rigor of the proposed methodology.
Outputs, outcomes and impact: Researchers should articulate the overall scientific outputs, outcomes and anticipated impact of the PhD research project. They should state the primary (Direct) and secondary (Indirect) beneficiaries of the planned research project. They should state the anticipated outputs (the outputs of the activities of the entire project as well as the specific milestones to be attained with the one-year funding) and the outcomes (both the outcomes of the entire project and those for the current funding phase). Researchers should also state the anticipated impact of the the project (Note: Impact might not be achievable in one or even a few years in which case the current phase only contributes to it). Since this funding is specific to the current financial year, projects must demonstrate clearly the deliverables they expect within one year, matching the level of investment made and attainable in the 1-year timeframe. Multi-year projects should show clearly what will be achieved in the current year of funding as well as what would be achieved overall when the full PhD research is completed in the subsequent years.
Translation and dissemination for impact: Since this fund is aimed at supporting government and its partners to improve service delivery and to accelerate development, researchers should show a clear plan for disseminating their findings to audiences critical for policy and program change so as to achieve impact at scale. This will include a clear description of the knowledge translation and dissemination plan to stakeholders in the relevant sectors including the knowledge products anticipated to arise from the study (e.g., publications, policy briefs, knowledge briefs, etc.). Innovation-based projects should articulate a scaling strategy, including linkage to scaling partners within the industry (for commercially viable enterprises), or within the relevant public sectors (for innovations targeted to the public) or within relevant implementing agencies (for social enterprises). Innovations targeting commercial interest should demonstrate the anticipated commercial potential, anticipated demand, anticipated patents/copy-rights/industrial design claims/trademarks if applicable and the path to commercialization. Innovations targeting social impact (social innovations) should elucidate the path to wide scale community uptake.
Ethical implications: The implications of the research to human subjects, animal subjects and the environment should be articulated where necessary including how key ethical or environmental concerns arising from the study will be addressed. It is anticipated that at the time of full registration, projects requiring ethical approval will have already obtained that approval from their respective ethics committees.
Budget: Researchers will prepare a summary budget for the one-year phase of their project as well as a detailed budget. Budgets should be submitted in the official currency (Uganda Shillings). Because these are university funds, academic units (Departments, Schools and Colleges) will not charge institutional overheads to any of the research funds. Budgets should not spread beyond one Financial Year. Even if the projects to be funded under this mechanism are multi-year, researchers should provide a budget for only one Financial Year. The budgets will include the following sections:
- 1.0 Personnel costs
- 2.0 Travel
- 3.0 Supplies and services
- 4.0 Equipment
- 5.0 Program activity costs
- 6.0 Dissemination
Under Personnel costs, applicants should not budget for ‘Salaries’ for staff who are paid a salary by Makerere University or another Government of Uganda institution (whether on permanent or contract terms) as this would constitute double payment from government funds. However, such researchers can budget for ‘activity-based’ time input or ‘level-of-effort-based’ costs for their additional time input into the project in form of allowances. The latter should be justified by specifying the extra-time demands from the project for each individual involved.
Researchers can budget for salaries for critical project staff that are not paid by Makerere or the Government of Uganda e.g., Project Coordinators, Administrative Assistants, Research Officers etc. Regular Personnel costs excluding field research assistants should not exceed 33% of the budget. Field research assistants (or Data collectors) if needed should not be included under ‘Personnel costs’ but should instead be included under ‘Program Activity Costs’. All salaries and all repetitive allowances will be subject to mandatory statutory deductions at source, to pay the relevant taxes. Because these funds are earmarked to support actual research, PhD students cannot budget for a monthly stipend under this award.
In addition to the summary budget, research teams will be required to attach a detailed budget (As an MS Excel attachment) that breaks down all expenditure line items, inclusive of a budget justification that explains the rationale behind the different budget items. The total budget in the budget summary should exactly match that in the detailed breakdown. You should budget within the category that your project was funded in RIF-1. Budgeting in another category will lead to disqualification. The total budget should not exceed the highest amount indicated for the respective funding category in which your project lies. Exceeding the indicated category maximum can result in disqualification.
PhD Researchers can also budget for Tuition.
Workplan: Researchers will provide a list of key milestones for the project clearly demonstrating the deliverables expected at each point during the extension phase of the project. These milestones will be used as the basis for tracking implementation of activities towards project goals and outputs. Given the one-year time-frame for the awards, it will be important that researchers commit to a clear time-bound set of deliverables all achievable within one year for the main deliverable targeted during the current period of funding. Failure to articulate a one (1) year plan will imply inability to utilize the grant funds within one (1) year
GRANT PROCESS
Submission of applications: Submission of the applications will be online at http://rif.mak.ac.ug/portal All submissions must be online and must be made within the stipulated period. To access the application form, the PhD Research Fund applicant will be required to create a MakRIF account. In your account, select the appropriate funding opportunity and fill out the application form.
Rules governing applications: All applications should be written in English. All applications should be submitted via the online portal mentioned above. Complete applications must be submitted not later than 11.59pm East African Time on the closing date. No submissions after closure of applications will be accepted. Any attempt at solicitation of acceptance beyond this date will not be entertained. The Grants Committee bears no responsibility for submissions that are not completed in time and incomplete submissions will not be considered. If none of the submitted applications meets the requirements to receive a grant, the call may be reopened at the sole discretion of the Grants Management Committee. An individual researcher should not submit more than ONE application.
Participants agree to assume any and all risks, and to waive claims against Makerere University and the Grants Management Committee for any injury, death, damage, or loss of property, revenue, or profits, whether direct, indirect, or consequential, arising from their participation in this grant implementation.
Evaluation and selection of projects: Applications will be reviewed by the GMC. Submission of an application does not mean the project must be funded. The GMC will evaluate five main aspects of the project:
- The alignment of the proposed research to national priorities as stipulated in the MakRIF research agenda
- Clear articulation of the knowledge gap and how the planned research will contribute to building new knowledge
- Quality of the proposal in terms of the relevance and innovativeness of the proposed solution, the planned activities and the articulation of a sound methodology
- Clear stipulation of outputs and outcomes and feasibility of tangible achievements within one year of funding
- Potential impact and transformativeness of the proposed research idea
- Submission of a realistic budget
Notification of successful applicants: Successful applicants will be informed by email to their designated point of contact.
Grant timeline:
Milestone | Date |
Issuance of RFA | Thur 29th Sept 2022 (Closed to PhD students only) |
Closing date for applications | Sunday 23rd Oct 2022 |
Selection | Monday 24th October 2022 to Friday 18th November 2022 |
Award notification | Friday 18th November 2022 |
Induction | Tuesday 22nd November 2022 |
To submit application, please create an account on https://rif.mak.ac.ug/portal and login to start the application process.
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Mak-RIF Bi-Annual Bulletin Issue 4: Jan-Jun 2025
Health
What works, what doesn’t work? Researchers uncover the effect of supporting districts to operationalise digital payments for vaccination campaign workers
Published
2 weeks agoon
September 22, 2025By
Mak Editor
By Joseph Odoi
A motivated and satisfied health workforce is critical for the success of mass vaccination campaigns against diseases like polio. High-quality vaccination campaigns can interrupt disease transmission, especially during and after periods of disrupted health services, such as those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
In sub-Saharan Africa, most vaccination campaign healthcare workers (VCHWs) have historically been paid in cash. Cash payments are often plagued by delays in funds disbursement, leakages, theft risks, and limited financial transparency. These challenges can negatively affect vaccination coverage and worker satisfaction.
To address these challenges, many countries are transitioning to digital payment systems, which are perceived as faster, more convenient, traceable, reliable, and easy to implement. Digital financial systems are already being rolled out in countries including Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Congo, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Uganda, with a projected population of nearly 41.6 million, had over 30 million registered mobile money customers using e-cash in 2019.
While early rollouts of digital payments have been largely successful, their full impact on vaccination campaign workers had not been systematically evaluated.
From 2021 to 2024, Makerere University (Uganda) and the University of Dakar (Senegal), with support from the Gates Foundation and technical partners including the Solina Group, WHO AFRO, and the Ministries of Health and Finance in both embarked on an important journey of research under the Digital Health Payment Initiatives and Research (DHPI-R) Project in 28 countries in Sub Saharan Africa
To explore the experiences and lessons of polio vaccination campaign healthcare workers (VCHWs), both male and female, during the 2022 oral poliovirus vaccination campaign in Uganda, researchers led by Prof. Peter Waiswa (principal investigator), together with Margaret McConnell, Juliet Aweko, Daniel Donald Mukuye, Charles Opio, Maggie Ssekitto Ashaba, Andrew Bakainaga, and Elizabeth Ekirapa-Kiracho, with support from the Gates Foundation, conducted a study titled “The Effect of Supporting Districts to Operationalise Digital Payments for Vaccination Campaign Workers: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial During the 2022 Polio Vaccination Campaign in Uganda.”
This study examined whether supporting districts to implement electronic cash (e-cash) payments, instead of cash, increased e-cash usage and improved vaccine campaign healthcare workers’ (VCHWs) motivation and satisfaction during an oral poliovirus vaccination campaign in 2022 in Uganda.
The mixed method study now published in BMJ Global Health, September 2025 was conducted in 54 districts in Uganda that had set up the government e-cash payment platform by May 2022. It involved healthcare workers supporting the polio vaccination campaign, regardless of direct vaccine contact. This included nurses, clinicians (vaccinators), mobilisers, community health workers (village health team members), recorders, local council representatives, and supervisors. The unit of randomisation was the district, while the unit of enrolment and data collection was the individual worker.
Method and Setting
As part of this study , In November 2022, a total of 54 districts and 2,665 vaccination campaign healthcare workers (VCHWs) were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to two groups. Intervention districts received training on using the government e-cash platform, including managing user roles, uploading beneficiary data, and generating payment reports.
The control districts received the standard support given to districts during mass vaccination campaigns from the MoH, MoFPED, WHO and other development partners. This support included group training on implementation of payments, provision of vaccination materials and financial aid.
The study collected data on how VCHWs were paid, their motivation, and their satisfaction with the payment method. Overall, 765 VCHWs in intervention districts and 589 in control districts received e-cash payments.
Findings
Mode of payment for the vaccination campaign healthcare workers
Overall, approximately half of the campaign workers, 50.8% (1354/2665) were paid digitally (e- cash), either using mobile money or via the bank (online supple mental table 2). Payment by e- cash was higher among females, 53.9% (656/1215) compared with males, 48.1% (698/1450) and was lowest among campaign workers aged 30–39 years, 48.7% (368/765). E- cash payment was higher in the intervention arm at 57.5% (765/1,330) in comparison to the control arm at 44.1% (589/1,335).
Satisfaction with payment received during the campaign
Only 36.5% (705/1930) of the VCHWs were satisfied with the payment received during the campaign, with satisfaction being slightly higher in the intervention arm, 37.9% (353/931) compared with the control arm 35.2% (352/999) and among females 37.9% (351/925) compared with males 35.2% (354/1005). Satisfaction was lowest among the married workers, 35.7% (575/1611) compared with the other categories.
Timing and completeness of payments
Nearly, all VCHWs were paid after the campaign, 97.6% (1884/1930), with no significant difference between the intervention (98.1%, 913/931) and the control (97.2%, 971/999) arms
Delayed/non- payment was highest among those with no formal education, 34% (17/50) and among community mobilisers, 30.7% (392/1071). The majority (70.6%, 1362/1930) of the VCHWs stated that the payment received met or even exceeded their payment expectation.
Participants also stated that e-cash was convenient, transparent, time-saving, and cost-saving, as it reduced travel and waiting times and minimized informal deductions.
Despite these benefits and support to districts to operationalize digital payments , there was no significant difference in workers’ motivation or satisfaction between the intervention and control groups. The researchers attributed this partly due to challenges associated with both cash and digital payment modes.
Challenges experienced in effecting payments at the district level
Also a number of challenges were uncovered in this study . Challenges with e-cash payments included unanticipated withdrawal charges, unreliable internet networks, and lengthy processes for validating mobile telephone numbers. For example, payments were delayed or not processed when VCHWs’ names did not match the registration details held by telecommunication companies, or when workers did not have phones registered in their names.
One key informant had this to say on challenges around e-cash payments
‘’ There was a general complaint of charges. Remember when they are dispersing funds, they stick to the budget exactly. They are not looking at the charges. And when you are also paying you have to allocate minus the charges. You get the point. So the people would be expecting let’s take an example of 150 000/= and then they get 149 something. So, they would ask, ‘Why are we getting less money?’ So we labored to explain to them that the bank is charging a certain fee to facilitate the e- cash. (KII_West_EPI FP) There were also challenges associated with an unreliable internet network that was necessary to facilitate log ins for approval of payments
On Challenges experienced in effecting payments at the district level ,Key informant interviews with district leaders involved in the payment process identified several bottlenecks during the payment process of the campaign healthcare workers. One of the major e- cash payment challenges was a lengthy process of validating mobile telephone numbers. ensuring that the VCHW’s names matched the registered mobile account names attached to the telephone number provided by the VCHW for receipt of funds.
‘’Unsuccessful validation occurred when the VCHW’s names did not match the registration details held by the telecommunication companies. Payments for such individuals were delayed or not effected at all. Because some of them do not even have the phones, but they are very good at doing the work…Or if they have, then the phone is not registered in their names. We were supposed to bring that database of the community as well and feed them into the system. That became a problem’’. (KII_North_ADHO)
Suggestions to improve use of e-cash payment system
To increase the use of e- cash, the majority of key informants identified continued training of key staff as a critical intervention with subsequent follow- up to ensure payments are well implemented.
‘’We are not yet ready; our capacity hasn’t been built. We have a big knowledge gap regarding the e- cash system here in this district. (KII East CFO) We request for more training to be conversant [with the system], and to discuss the challenges together during that training, as we share the experiences. Where we have challenges, we sit together and see how they can be addressed’’. (KII_Central_CFO)
The participants also expressed the need for feedback mechanisms to allow them to dialogue with the payers in case there was a delay in payment. Additionally, the participants also acknowledged that there was a need to gradually expand adoption of digital payments considering contextual barriers. A hybrid approach would be an alternative, especially in the remote and hard-to-reach districts.
Other suggested solutions include early preparation of campaign health worker databases to allow for the lengthy telephone validation processes, improvement of the internet infrastructure, consistent use of e- cash payments across programmes and inclusion of withdrawal charges when making payments.
Moving forward policy, the researchers recommend the need to support e- payment systems, in order to minimize challenges in the pay ment processes.
‘’Suggestions to improve the e- cash experience include training of personnel in charge of e- cash payments, timely creation of VCHWs databases, expanding e- cash payments across programmes for efficiency and inclusion of withdrawal charges for the digital payments. To ensure the institutionalisation of digital payment interventions across Uganda, several key enablers are essential. These include formal policy integration by the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Finance into operational guide lines and budget frameworks, as well as ongoing capacity strengthening at the district level to enhance digital planning, payroll management and troubleshooting. Reliable infrastructure such as mobile connectivity and access to digital financial services like mobile money must also be prioritised, especially in rural areas. Implementing routine monitoring and feedback systems will be vital for tracking payment timeliness, worker satisfaction and system performance, allowing for continuous improvement. Furthermore, fostering public–private partner ships with telecom providers and payment platforms is critical for cost- effective scaling. With strong political commitment, aligned funding and active community engagement, this model holds the potential for broader national and regional adoption, leading to more efficient and equitable health service delivery’’. The paper concludes on the way forward
To read the paper; click; https://gh.bmj.com/content/10/Suppl_4/e016666
About The DHPI-R project
The DHPI-R project was commissioned by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) to generate evidence on digital payments in Africa. Although inception, conceptualization of the proposal, and grant award were conducted earlier in 2021, the DHPIR project officially started implementing activities in November 2021, up to March 2025. DHPIR is hosted at the School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences at Makerere University and is implemented in Anglophone and Francophone hubs (countries) in Africa. The Anglophone hub is hosted at MAKSPH, while the Francophone Hub is hosted by the University of Dakar (UCAD) in Senegal.
DHP-IR was rooted in the End Polio Game Campaign, championed by WHO-Afro and partners in 28 countries in Sub Saharan Africa, where digital payments was a key strategy for timely and complete payments to campaign workers.
Health
Digital Payments Boost Vaccination Campaign Efficiency in Uganda
Published
3 weeks agoon
September 19, 2025
KAMPALA, Uganda —Supporting districts to adopt digital payments can significantly improve the efficiency of mass vaccination campaigns in Uganda, even if the gains do not directly translate into higher worker motivation, a new study by Makerere University School of Public Health (MakSPH) researchers has found.
Published on September 10, 2025, in BMJ Global Health, the study examined how helping districts in Uganda transition from cash-based to electronic payments affected vaccination campaign workers. Conducted in early 2023, some four months after the nationwide oral poliovirus vaccination campaign of November 2022, the research assessed the impact of digitised payments on efficiency, timeliness, and worker satisfaction.
With generous support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the study was led by MakSPH researchers Peter Waiswa, Juliet Aweko, Maggie Ssekitto Ashaba, Elizabeth Ekirapa-Kiracho, and Charles Opio, in collaboration with Margaret McConnell of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Daniel Donald Mukuye from Uganda’s Ministry of Health, and Andrew Bakainaga from the World Health Organisation (WHO)–Uganda Country Office.
The study’s Principal Investigator and lead author, Assoc. Prof. Peter Waiswa, a health systems researcher at Makerere University School of Public Health, said while the research was conducted in Uganda, its implications are global. He pointed out that some African countries, such as Côte d’Ivoire, Zambia, Tanzania, and Kenya, are already ahead in adopting digital payment systems, while others still lag behind. The study’s findings, he said, are relevant across these contexts and have already informed the work of global actors such as Gavi, WHO, and the Global Fund, who are now integrating digital payments into their own processes.
“This paper is part of several studies we are conducting, but perhaps the most significant,” said Dr. Waiswa, clearly enthusiastic about the findings. “Another outlines the research agenda for digital payments, emphasising the need for more evidence on whether they improve the quality of immunisation campaigns, ensure timeliness and efficiency, and identify which groups face barriers to their use.”

The study was coordinated by MakSPH in collaboration with a network of partners. In Uganda, these included the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Health, the World Health Organisation, several implementing organisations, district authorities, as well as telecommunication companies. Importantly, the involvement of Airtel as a non-traditional actor in the study demonstrated the critical role of private sector engagement, often absent in such collaborations, in generating evidence and advancing digital health solutions, particularly in addressing challenges such as timely payments for health campaign workers.
The November 2022 polio campaign, led by the government of Uganda with support from the U.S. CDC and WHO, targeted 8.7 million children under five with the novel oral polio vaccine (nOPV2). Nearly 72,000 teams, including health workers, Village Health Teams, and Local Council representatives, were mobilised nationwide, administering about 10 million doses despite the temporary exclusion of five districts due to the Ebola outbreak at the time.
Building on the campaign, the researchers conducted an exploratory cluster-randomised trial using a mixed-methods approach across 54 districts in Uganda, where they enrolled 2,665 healthcare workers. Intervention districts were trained to use Uganda’s e-cash platform, a government innovation managed by the Ministry of Finance. Introduced in 2017 and formalised in 2019, the cashless system was designed to digitise urgent government payments, enhance efficiency, and improve transparency. It now complements the Integrated Financial Management System, which, though effective for routine payments, was seen as too slow for time-sensitive transactions, including paying campaign health workers, where timely remuneration is critical for maintaining workforce readiness, sustaining campaign momentum, and promptly addressing public health challenges in the communities served.
Intervention studies usually introduce a treatment or program to a group to observe its effects, and the results are compared with a group that does not receive it. The training during the study addressed the delays, leakages, and administrative bottlenecks common in cash-based systems. Intervention districts received instruction on navigating the government e-cash platform, managing user roles, uploading beneficiary data, and generating payment reports, while control districts maintained standard cash payment procedures, serving as a baseline.
Dr. Juliet Aweko, co-author and Research Associate at MakSPH, said the study was timely, observing that health workers are central to successful vaccination campaigns and delayed payments can demotivate them and compromise campaign effectiveness.
“To make digital payments truly work, campaigns must be planned with the workforce in mind. Government and partners need to ensure funds are disbursed on time, streamline and automate registration and verification, and keep accurate records of health workers and their performance. Making mobile money systems compatible and giving workers real-time updates on their payments would not only build trust but also keep them motivated, ultimately improving turnout and ensuring smoother service delivery,” Dr. Aweko stated.

The study found that electronic cash adoption was significantly higher in intervention districts, where 57.5% of workers were paid digitally compared to 44.1% in control districts. What’s more, digital payments did not delay disbursement, as 97.6% of all workers received payment after campaign completion, regardless of method. Still, workers paid via e-cash consistently described the cashless system as convenient, transparent, and cost-effective, citing reduced travel time, lower personal costs, and fewer security risks.
Today, Uganda’s rapidly expanding digital ecosystem provides ground for scaling up cashless payment systems. The Uganda Communications Commission reports that the country has over 43 million active mobile subscriptions, nearly 88% of the estimated 49 million population. Its latest market report shows 26.1 million active internet users, while mobile money continues to dominate financial transactions with more than 33 million accounts and transaction values growing by over 25% annually, according to reports by the Bank of Uganda as of March 2025. This trend reflects a population increasingly reliant on digital platforms, creating a strong opportunity to embed e-payment systems in health service delivery.

For MakSPH researchers Dr. Waiswa and Dr. Aweko, the study evidence confirms that digital payments are both feasible and practical for strengthening the delivery of mass campaigns in low- and middle-income countries like Uganda. With relatively modest support, districts can adopt e-cash systems, providing a scalable model for the health sector. This approach, they suggest, would streamline compensation, reduce administrative delays, and provide a stronger basis for integrating digital payments into future immunisation drives and other public health interventions in the country, thereby strengthening our health systems.
The researchers further emphasised that digitising campaign payments reduces transaction costs and minimises leakages, enabling more funds to reach frontline workers quickly. E-cash also simplifies logistics, strengthens accountability, and enhances financial tracking in health campaigns. These advantages, they found, directly align with the global effort to advance digital transformation in health systems and ensure reliable, transparent worker compensation. The implications also extend beyond just polio, as Uganda continues to rely on mass campaigns for routine immunisation and other outbreak responses, such as measles and yellow fever, where digital payments could improve the efficiency of scarce health resources.
Still, the study acknowledged barriers that could hinder full adoption of a cashless system. Some districts lacked the technical capacity to operate the government’s e-cash platform, upload beneficiary data, and manage user roles. Connectivity issues, limited digital literacy among staff, and occasional system downtimes further disrupted implementation. Additionally, many campaign workers lacked national identity cards or mobile money accounts, making them ineligible for digital payments. To address these challenges, the researchers, among others, recommend targeted capacity building for district finance and health teams, expanded identity and mobile registration for campaign workers, improved internet connectivity, and integration of e-payment systems into routine health planning.
Health
VectorCam Project; Makerere, Johns Hopkins, and MoH to Scale Up AI-Powered Malaria Surveillance across Uganda
Published
4 weeks agoon
September 9, 2025By
Mak Editor
By Joseph Odoi
In a significant step toward revolutionizing mosquito surveillance in Uganda, Dr. Peter Waiswa, Associate Professor of Health Policy Planning and Management at the School of Public Health, Makerere University has revealed that a new AI-driven mosquito surveillance project is set to be rolled out to strengthen vector monitoring efforts across 22 districts in Uganda.
He disclosed this while briefing a multidisciplinary team during a courtesy visit to the Ministry of Health on 7th August 2025 to engage with officials on the VectorCam Project.
The VectorCam Project is a partnership between the Makerere University School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, and the Ministry of Health, with funding from the Gates Foundation. The project seeks to revolutionize mosquito surveillance by shifting from manual, human-led identification to a digital, AI-driven mobile application using computer vision
What is VectorCam?
VectorCam is an innovative project focused on transforming how Uganda monitors malaria-carrying mosquitoes. At its core is a smartphone-based, AI-powered application that uses computer vision to quickly identify mosquitoes by species, sex, and feeding status whether a mosquito has fed recently or not. Traditionally, such analysis requires the expertise of entomologists and takes considerable time.
According to Prof Waiswa, VectorCam will advance ento. surveillance.
‘’We have worked with Johns Hopkins University and the Minister of Health to develop an AI-powered mobile application which can be used to identify mosquitoes. This apps tells you the type of mosquito, the sex of the mosquito, and whether the mosquito has a full abdomen or half abdomen or is empty. That is, if it fed last night or not.
This one is a way to just shift mosquito surveillance from people to an app. The app does it in 20 seconds using computer vision. It does it faster and better than any entomologist. Every district just has one Entomologist. So the entomologist can go and focus on other things as part of his work because nowadays an app can do it.
The good thing with the app is we’ve already done a big trial funded by the Gates Foundation and we have evidence that it works. The app also posts data and makes it accessible through the DHIS to the districts but also at the national level’’ Prof. Waiswa explained.
‘’With support and funding from the Gates Foundation, we are going to be scaling up the Vector Cam Project to 22 districts. In 12 of these, we will conduct research to evaluate how the app actually performs at scale in routine life settings ‘’ Prof Waiswa stated about the next project step.
As part of the project engagement, Prof. Waiswa met with Dr. Daniel Kyabayinze, Director of Public Health at the National Malaria Control Division, Ministry of Health, Uganda, who also serves as the Acting Program Manager for Malaria at the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) to brief him on the project genesis and its next objectives which will lead to data-driven decision making to tailor vector control interventions.
Also in attendance were also; Professor Soumyadipta Acharya a respected researcher in the field of ento. surveillance from Johns Hopkins University, United States, along with representatives from the Ministry of Health and Makerere University.
More About VectorCam Project
VectorCAM is an innovative project focused on transforming how Uganda monitors malaria-carrying mosquitoes. At its core is a smartphone-based, AI-powered application that uses computer vision to quickly identify mosquitoes by species, sex, and feeding status.
Between November 2022 and April 2024, Makerere University, in partnership with Johns Hopkins University and Uganda’s National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP), successfully implemented the first phase of the VectorCam Project. Through this, the project piloted the VectorCAM an AI-driven mobile application that uses computer vision to identify mosquitoes by species, sex, and abdominal status providing rapid, cost-effective entomological surveillance in malaria-endemic regions.
Following the successful trial and validation of the technology, the project is now entering a new phase focused on scaling up.
VectorCam will be rolled out across 22 districts in Uganda, with operational research embedded in 12 of those districts to assess its performance.
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