Connect with us

Health

Researchers Design Community-led Behavioural Change Model to Control Rate of Type 2 Diabetes among Rural Population

Published

on

By Joseph Odoi

Globally the proportion of undiagnosed diabetes is high, standing at 46.5%. In high-income regions like Europe, of all persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), 39.3% are undiagnosed. Low-income countries in Africa have the highest prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes, estimated at 66.7%. In Uganda alone, a steady increase in the number of diabetes cases has been observed.

Despite the increasing burden of diabetes in the country, little is known about the socio-cultural norms influencing type 2 diabetes risky behaviors, especially in rural areas to inform action.

In the bid to contribute to data driven interventions, Makerere University researchers with funding from Government of Uganda and Makerere University Research and Innovations Fund (Mak-RIF) carried out a study to understand the patterns of socio-cultural norms in two high incidence districts namely, Busia and Bugiri, in Eastern Uganda.

As part of this study, researchers engaged various health stakeholders who shared their experiences about behaviors factors influencing type two diabetes.

It is upon that background that researchers co-designed a contextual strategy to ensure behavioral change to limit type two diabetes among the rural population under the project titled; “Socio-cultural norms influencing Type 2 Diabetes risks Behaviours – an exploratory to intervention co-design innovative study in two high incidence districts of eastern Uganda”. The strategy was developed by a team of researchers led by Dr. Juliet Kiguli, a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Community Health and Behavioural Sciences  at the School of Public Health, Makerere University.

According to Dr. Kiguli, despite evidence confirming a high rate of T2D in Uganda, there is hardly any innovation that speaks to the deep rooted causes of Type 2 Diabetes hence the justification for their new model.

‘’There is enough evidence in Uganda at the national and local/community level confirming a high rate of T2DM, compared to the measures/innovations that try to address the disease. We can argue with confidence that most of the research around T2DM in Uganda and Africa has been largely academic and hasn’t been translated into action at a comparable pace of disease incidence and prevalence. Additionally, since the T2DM is largely a lifestyle disease that is influenced by external factors, exposure and social constructs, the solution to T2DM needs to be socially constructed, and currently, there is no innovation that speaks to the deep rooted causes of T2DM – this is the reason why we designed an evidence based innovation that is socially constructed to address diabetes with prevention in mind too‘’she explained of the model

The Assistant Commissioner Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) at Ministry  of Health, Dr. Gerald  Mutungi  who participated in the study’s innovation co-design  had this to say;

“This study is unique, I have learnt many things which I had never looked at from a perspective of social norms and I am glad that we are already designing an innovation together with the community stakeholders and influencers to mitigate and reduce T2DM”.

He also tasked researchers   to give answers on  why people doing their daily activities and living a normal lifestyle still get diabetes.

Approaches behind the model

As part of the behavioral change strategy, the research team came up with the following approaches to their community-led behavior change model.

  1. T2DM organized diffusion messaging and practices

This approach of the model will work through community-level social networks and will be used to conduct myths bursting sessions, building new positive social norms and spreading them using social networks related to the norm. This approach will be complemented by deliberation and reflection methodologies and the intent is to create shared commitments to change negative and/or maladaptive risky behaviors around T2DM.

  1. Community-leader-initiated behavior modeling for T2DM

Because of power, control and therefore influence, this approach will target political leaders, religious leaders, cultural leaders, informal community leaders and all individuals with influence to model, demonstrate and promote the recommended behaviors and practices. This will be the first level of establishing reference groups and this approach will complement other approaches.

  1. T2DM Non-conforming trendsetters and positive deviants.

In the co-design process, evidence shows the existence of trendsetters and positive deviants who are willing and able to be the first movers in initiating positive normative change around T2DM risky behaviors. Their nonconformity to the social norms around T2DM will contribute to the erosion of strong perceptions in favor of the negative gendered social norms that facilitate entrenchment of T2DM risky behaviors. This approach will be complemented by creation of new risky-behavior-specific reference groups that are able to enact alternative social sanctions against T2DM risky behaviors.

On timing of this model, Mr. Ramadhan Kirunda who was key in innovating the model  noted that evidence from the social-norms study revealed a disconnect between the health system and the social system constructs at community and family level, yet T2DM risky behaviors are gendered and influenced by power, control and sanction around submission.

‘’Social norms are responsible for the harmful constructions of dominant masculinity engineered by power and control over women, hence the social-cultural acceptance of inferiority on the part of women. Therefore, even on matters of diet, women have to submit and follow what men prefer, and can become violent in asserting their dominance if women don’t comply. It is important to note that while gender-injustice related consequences affect mostly women, gendered social norms undermine the health and wellbeing of all people, regardless of age, sex, gender, or income setting. Therefore, our proposed model is informed by this reality, it is inclusive by design since it was co-designed together with all community stakeholders/duty bearers and targets risky behaviors that accelerate T2DM, but also other health outcomes.

KEY FINDINGS FROM THE SOCIAL NORMS STUDY

The main behavioral factors influencing type 2 diabetes were a) consuming processed and added sugar products, b) consuming high cholesterol fatty foods, c) excessive alcoholism, d) smoking (traditional and contemporary), e) mental/psychosocial stress and f) lack of exercise. The analysis shows that dietary factors contribute the greatest threat to the fight against type 2 diabetes in Busia and Bugiri according to the researchers.

In terms of social norm strength around dietary factors, the two strongest norms were “people who don’t prepare fried food are poor people”, “taking tea without adding sugar is mistreatment to your husband” and “Bwita/kalo is our staple food, we eat it daily”. Some of the less strong norms included; “eating greens is mistreatment to your man/husband”, “fat people especially men are respected in the community”, and “A true Samia meal must contain meat or fish daily” said one of the study participants

The strongest social norms around alcoholism.The strongest social norms around alcoholism were “alcohol takes away negative thoughts and stress”, “when you take alcohol with your friends, they can’t abandon you”, “Waragi reduces diabetes because it is sour”, “religion does not allow us to take alcohol” explained one of the key informants.

The social norms around smoking included; “if you want to feel good, you have to smoke”, “most old people and our grandparents lived long and were smokers” and “traditional religion demands and allows smoking of pipes, it’s part of our culture”. Affirmed another study participant

The main social norm around physical exercise was that “men are expected to rest/lie down and wait to be served by women”. They have to sit and wait for food’’ added a participant

On drivers that support norm entrenchment, the researchers outlined easy access to alcohol, gender based violence, cultural set up, poverty, wrong peers, poor parenting, one sided food systems as areas that need serious attention.

MORE ABOUT THE STUDY

The study used Social Norms Exploration Tools (SNET). It was conducted in Eastern region in the districts of Bugiri and Busia in December, 2020. This study covered a total of 4 health facility catchment areas: Bugiri Hospital, Nakoma H/C IV, Masafu Hospital and Lumino H/C III.

A number of data collection methods were used including Focus Group Discussions. Key Informant Interviews, In-depth Interviews, Observation and Photography.

This study builds on previous studies funded by Swedish Embassy and conducted in Iganga and Mayuge by the School of Public Health’s Prof. Guwatudde David, Dr. Barbara Kirunda, Dr. Elizabeth Ekirapa, Dr. Roy Mayega and Prof. Buyinza Mukadasi (Research and Graduate Training, Makerere University)

The research team consisted  of the following researchers:  Dr. Juliet Kiguli (Principal Investigator), Dr. Roy William MayegaDr. Francis Xavier Kasujja,  Mr. Ramadhan Kirunda, Ms. Gloria Naggayi, Ms. Joyce Nabaliisa, Ms. Rita Kituyi, Sr. Nabwire Mary, and Sr. Nampewo Evarine Wabwire. The social norms study was made possible with funding by Mak-RIF (led by Prof. Bazeyo William) and Government of Uganda.

Mark Wamai

Health

College of Health Sciences Graduates First Cohort of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellows

Published

on

The first cohort of fellows that graduated from the Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellowship Programme (seated) with dignitaries on 17th June 2026. College of Health Sciences graduated the first cohort of fellows from the Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellowship Programme, 17th June 2026, Main Hall, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

A major milestone in Uganda’s efforts to reduce newborn mortality was marked on June 17, 2026, when Makerere University College of Health Sciences graduated the first cohort of fellows from the Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellowship Programme.

The pioneering cohort of five specialists completed the two-year sub-specialty fellowship designed to equip pediatricians with advanced competencies in newborn care, leadership, research, advocacy, and neonatal intensive care. The programme is accredited by the Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council and is implemented through a partnership involving Makerere University, Mulago Specialised Women and Neonatal Hospital, Kawempe National Referral Hospital, St. Francis Hospital Nsambya, Seed Global Health and Elma Philanthropies.

Speaking at the graduation ceremony, the Principal of the College of Health Sciences, Prof. Bruce Kirenga, described the occasion as a significant achievement for Makerere University and Uganda’s health sector.

“Today is a very important occasion for the College of Health Sciences, and indeed the health sector in Uganda,” he said, noting that the fellowship was established to develop highly skilled specialists capable of responding to increasingly complex healthcare needs.

Prof. Kirenga emphasized that Uganda’s changing disease patterns, increasing life expectancy, and growing demand for specialized healthcare services have created an urgent need for super-specialized training programmes. He challenged the graduates to use their newly acquired knowledge and skills to improve newborn health outcomes and save lives.

L-R: Prof. Henry Alinaitwe, Prof. Bruce Kirenga, Dr. Richard Mugahi and an official at the graduation. College of Health Sciences graduated the first cohort of fellows from the Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellowship Programme, 17th June 2026, Main Hall, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
L-R: Prof. Henry Alinaitwe, Prof. Bruce Kirenga, Dr. Richard Mugahi and an official at the graduation.

Addressing Uganda’s Neonatal Health Burden

Presenting an overview of the fellowship programme, the Head of the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Prof. Victor Musiime, highlighted the urgent need for specialists in neonatal care.

He noted that neonatal deaths, those occurring within the first 28 days of life, remain one of the leading contributors to child mortality in Uganda. The country continues to face a shortage of professionals with advanced skills in neonatal care, research, leadership, and advocacy.

“The demand for neonatologists remains extremely high,” Prof. Musiime explained, adding that the Ministry of Health envisions deploying neonatologists to regional referral hospitals and other health facilities across the country.

The fellowship programme was established to build a critical mass of neonatologists, strengthen care for high-risk newborns, develop expertise in advanced neonatal procedures, and produce leaders and advocates for newborn health.

A unique feature of the programme is its strong clinical apprenticeship model, complemented by international placements at leading institutions, including Yashoda Hospital in India and Aga Khan University Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya.

Ministry Commits to Expanding Neonatal Services

Representing the Ministry of Health, Commissioner for Maternal and Child Health, Dr. Richard Mugahi, congratulated the graduates and commended Makerere University and its partners for establishing the fellowship programme.

Dr. Mugahi revealed that the five graduates join another five neonatologists already serving in Uganda, bringing the country’s total number of neonatologists to ten. He described the locally trained fellows as a critical addition to Uganda’s healthcare workforce.

“The Ministry’s vision is to have a neonatologist at every Regional Referral Hospital,” he said, adding that Uganda aims to have at least 14 neonatologists by 2030.

He further outlined government plans to strengthen newborn care through the establishment of specialized neonatal care units at different levels of the health system, ranging from Health Centre IVs to Regional Referral Hospitals and super-specialized facilities such as Mulago Specialised Women and Neonatal Hospital.

Dr. Mugahi assured the graduates that the Ministry of Health is investing in equipment and infrastructure to support advanced neonatal services and pledged to advocate for improved career progression pathways for super-specialized health professionals.

Makerere’s Commitment to Advanced Medical Training

Representing the Vice Chancellor, the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Finance and Administration), Prof. Henry Alinaitwe, congratulated the fellows and their families on the achievement.

Prof. Henry Alinaitwe. College of Health Sciences graduated the first cohort of fellows from the Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellowship Programme, 17th June 2026, Main Hall, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Henry Alinaitwe.

He praised the College of Health Sciences for its contribution to national development and noted that programmes such as the Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellowship enhance Makerere University‘s position as a leader in knowledge generation and societal transformation.

Prof. Alinaitwe paid tribute to the graduates’ families, particularly their spouses and children, for supporting them through the demanding years of specialist training.

“The work you do is truly priceless,” he told the fellows. “The contribution you make to humanity is immeasurable.”

Graduates Hailed as Future Leaders in Newborn Health

In attendance were the director of Mulago Specialized Women and Neonatal Hospital, Dr. Sam Ononge, Deputy Director Mulago Referral Hospital, Dr. John Sekabira, Dr. Mary Nyanzi from Kawempe Referral Hospital, Sr. Dr. Assumpta Nabawanuka, the Director of St. Francis Hospital Nsambya, Dr. Irene Atuhaire from Seed Global Health Uganda and Ms. Ritah Akankwasa from ELMA Philanthropies Services, who partnered with the college in training the fellows.

Dr. Irene Atuhaire. College of Health Sciences graduated the first cohort of fellows from the Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellowship Programme, 17th June 2026, Main Hall, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Irene Atuhaire.

The training partners described the graduates as pioneers who had demonstrated exceptional resilience and commitment throughout the rigorous training programme.

They applauded their contributions to patient care, teaching, mentorship, and supportive supervision, noting that their work had already contributed to improvements in maternal and newborn health services in Kampala and other regions of Uganda.

“As Kawempe National Referral Hospital, we have been privileged to witness your growth, not only as clinicians but also as leaders and advocates for newborn health,” Dr. Nyanzi said.

The graduates

  1. Dr. Tumwebaze Anita Kiiza Muhumuza
  2. Dr. Ediamu Tom Didimus
  3. Dr. Kezia Kibedi
  4. Dr. Hellen Kyokutamba
  5. Dr. Gerald Ojambo


Betty Kyakuwa
Betty Kyakuwa

Continue Reading

Health

Makerere Medical Students Honour Their ‘Silent Teachers’

Published

on

Prof. Elisa Mwaka (L) presents a plaque to keynote speaker, Rev. Prof. Dr. Samuel Luboga at the Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony on 11th June 2026. Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony organized by the Makerere Students' Anatomy Society under the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS) on June 11, 2026 at Makerere University School of Public Health Auditorium, Main Campus, Eastern Gate, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

For most people, the thought of death evokes grief, fear, or loss. But at Makerere University‘s College of Health Sciences, death became a lesson in gratitude, service, and humanity as students, faculty, and health professionals gathered to honour a unique group of teachers, individuals who continued to educate future doctors long after their passing.

At the Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony, on June 11, 2026, organized by the Makerere Students’ Anatomy Society, candles flickered softly as students paid tribute to what they fondly call their “silent teachers”, the human bodies that make it possible for medical students to learn anatomy and develop the skills that will one day save lives.

Standing before fellow students and guests, Chairperson of the Makerere Students’ Anatomy Society, Joseph Mwera, reminded the audience that the ceremony was not about mourning the dead.

“Today, we gather not only to remember those whose bodies have contributed to medical education but also to celebrate their lives,” he said. “Their legacy continues to inspire and serve humanity even after death.”

Prof. Elisa Mwaka (Centre) with Makerere Students' Anatomy Society members. Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony organized by the Makerere Students' Anatomy Society under the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS) on June 11, 2026 at Makerere University School of Public Health Auditorium, Main Campus, Eastern Gate, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Elisa Mwaka (Centre) with Makerere Students’ Anatomy Society members.

For many medical students, the anatomy laboratory is where they first encounter the reality of the profession they have chosen. Behind every lesson on muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and organs is a person who once lived, loved, worked, and contributed to society.

That reality was brought to life by the keynote speaker, Rev. Prof. Dr. Samuel Luboga, a surgeon, anatomist, and priest who spent nearly four decades teaching anatomy at Makerere University.

Reflecting on his own days as a medical student, Prof. Luboga recalled spending long hours in the anatomy laboratory after his classmates had gone home, studying human anatomy in detail.

Many people wondered whether he was afraid to spend so much time among cadavers.

His answer was simple.

“These men and women had lived productive lives. They had raised families, served their communities, and contributed to Uganda’s development. Even in death, they continued to teach us the science and art of medicine. They had earned my admiration, my respect, and my gratitude.”

Rev. Prof. Dr. Samuel Luboga. Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony organized by the Makerere Students' Anatomy Society under the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS) on June 11, 2026 at Makerere University School of Public Health Auditorium, Main Campus, Eastern Gate, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Rev. Prof. Dr. Samuel Luboga.

His remarks resonated deeply with the students in attendance.

In a society where discussions about death and body donation remain sensitive, Prof. Luboga challenged participants to view the individuals in anatomy laboratories not as lifeless remains but as people who continue to contribute to humanity through education.

“The silent teachers before us today made learning possible,” he said. “The impact of their contribution is reflected in the doctors you have become and those you are yet to become. It is reflected in the countless patients you will treat and the innumerable lives you will save.”

Legal framework to guide body donation

The ceremony also sparked important conversations about the future of anatomical education in Uganda.

Prof. Elisa Mwaka. Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony organized by the Makerere Students' Anatomy Society under the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS) on June 11, 2026 at Makerere University School of Public Health Auditorium, Main Campus, Eastern Gate, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Elisa Mwaka.

Head of the Department of Anatomy, Prof. Elisa Mwaka, highlighted the need for a national legal framework to guide body donation and anatomical research. While anatomy training in Uganda has traditionally relied on unclaimed bodies obtained through hospitals, he noted that many countries are increasingly embracing voluntary body donation programmes.

According to Prof. Mwaka, building public trust will be essential if Uganda is to establish a sustainable body donation programme.

“We must help the public understand how human bodies contribute to medical education, how they are treated with dignity, and how appropriate legal safeguards can protect donors and their families,” he said.

Prof. Mwaka presents one of the awards. Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony organized by the Makerere Students' Anatomy Society under the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS) on June 11, 2026 at Makerere University School of Public Health Auditorium, Main Campus, Eastern Gate, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Mwaka presents one of the awards.

He revealed that discussions are already underway to develop an Anatomy Act that would provide a modern legal and ethical framework for the use of human remains in medical education and research.

Representing the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academic Affairs), Prof. Julius Kikooma described the ceremony as much more than an academic event.

“Behind every competent healthcare professional stands an invaluable source of learning that often remains unseen and unheard,” he said. “These individuals taught us without speaking a single word. Though they are no longer able to communicate, their contribution continues to educate, inspire, and shape future generations of healthcare professionals.”

He commended the medical students for organizing what remains the only cadaver commemoration ceremony of its kind in Uganda, noting that the initiative reflects the values of compassion, professionalism, and respect for human dignity that are at the heart of medicine.

Part of the audience as seen from the gallery. Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony organized by the Makerere Students' Anatomy Society under the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS) on June 11, 2026 at Makerere University School of Public Health Auditorium, Main Campus, Eastern Gate, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Part of the audience as seen from the gallery.

The event concluded with recognition of past and present leaders of the Department of Anatomy whose contributions have shaped anatomical education at Makerere University over the decades. Students also honoured exceptional educators who have inspired generations of future health professionals.

Yet the most powerful tribute of the day was reserved for those who could not be present to receive awards or applause.

The silent teachers

Individuals whose names may never appear in textbooks, whose stories may never be fully known, but whose gift continues to echo through hospital wards, operating theatres, and communities across Uganda.

Students perform during the Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony. Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony organized by the Makerere Students' Anatomy Society under the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS) on June 11, 2026 at Makerere University School of Public Health Auditorium, Main Campus, Eastern Gate, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Students perform during the Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony.

Every doctor trained, every surgery performed, and every life saved carries a small part of their legacy.

And for one day at Makerere University, students paused to say the words that are rarely spoken aloud: Thank you.

Betty Kyakuwa
Betty Kyakuwa

Continue Reading

Health

Call for Applications: Master’s Sponsorship in Genomics and Bioinformatics for Pediatric HIV

Published

on

SURGE Project Call for Applications: Master’s Sponsorship in Genomics and Bioinformatics for Pediatric HIV. Photo: Gemini.

Makerere University in partnership with Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) and in collaboration with Baylor Foundation Uganda (BFU) is pleased to invite applications for a one-year Master’s sponsorship under the Scaling Up advanced genomics and bioinformatics Research training in Pediatric HIV/AIDS in Uganda (SURGE) project. This opportunity, funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) USA, is open to students currently enrolled in the Master’s Degree programme with a specialization in Genomics and Bioinformatics at Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS).

The SURGE programme aims to train the next generation of Ugandan scientists, supporting selected students through their dissertation year with a focus on pediatric HIV. You can find full details regarding this opportunity in the attached file.

Why Apply?

  • Support for dissertation research during the final year of your programme.
  • A monthly stipend for the 12-month duration of the sponsorship.
  • Hands-on training and mentorship in genomics, bioinformatics, scientific communication, and career planning.
  • Access to extensive host genetic datasets from African children infected with HIV and support for publishing research findings.

Eligibility:

This sponsorship is open to Ugandan nationals currently in their penultimate year (Year 1 or 2) of a Master’s programme with a specialization in Genomics and Bioinformatics at Makerere University. Candidates must have a cumulative GPA of at least 3.8 and a strong interest in pediatric HIV research.

How to Apply:

Please review the specific documentation requirements and formatting guidelines outlined in the attached file. Applications must be submitted as a single PDF file to surge.ug2030@gmail.com. Additionally, a reference letter from a person familiar with your academic work must be sent directly to the same email address by the referee.

The application deadline is June 30, 2026, at 5:00 pm EAT.

For any additional information, please contact the Program Manager at surge.ug2030@gmail.com. We look forward to receiving your applications.

Mak Editor

Continue Reading

Trending