Students were joined by children from the neighbourhood to enjoy the action at the Annual Students' Cultural Gala 28th-29th October 2017, University Hall Grounds, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda.
To achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) signed up in 2015, reliable data will be essential. Without it, governments will be unable to measure progress against the goals, nor to fine tune policies to make their attainment more likely. Testing new policies and programs and monitoring the impact of old ones require robust data collected over a sustained period of time. Accurate and timely data will ensure that resources are not wasted on ineffective interventions, pointing policymakers instead towards programs that will hasten their country’s progress towards the goals. Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSSs) provide methodologies and designs that can be replicated in national statistics and data systems. Many health interventions used routinely across the world were first trailed using HDSS platforms. HDSSs provide the engineering that can be applied in generating valid indicators.
Makerere University Centre for Health and Population Research (MUCHAP) is a research and research training platform of Makerere University. MUCHAP runs the Iganga Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (IMHDSS) that was established by Makerere University in partnership with Karolinska Institutet of Sweden and the district authorities of Iganga and Mayuge districts. IMHDSS conducted a population-based baseline census in 2005 and has been following up that population cohort to-date in selected villages. The primary objectives of setting up the site were to:
a) Provide a platform for conducting community-based research, and research training for students and faculty at Makerere University, as well as other researchers from within and outside Uganda
b) Register and monitor important health and demographic population indicators that can be used at local and national level planning for population development
c) Conduct essential household level policy relevant research tailored to inform local and national policy formulation.
The purpose of the Centre is to generate population based information that is useful to guide policy and the decision making process at district and national level. Information on demographic events at individual and household level data on births, deaths and migrations is monitored and routinely updated twice a year. The cause of every death that occurs in the community is determined through the verbal autopsy approach and evaluated by the physician. As of 2017, the total population under surveillance was 94,568 individuals from over 19,000 households in 65 villages and seven sub counties within the two districts of Iganga and Mayuge.
SDGs are a universal call for action to improve the welfare of populations by striving to end poverty, protect the environment and ensure that people live in peace and prosperity. The 17 SDGs were built on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals while including new areas such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice amongst other priorities. While some of the SDGs have been assessed through national periodic surveys like the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS), the National Housing and Population Census and national health indicator survey, it is important to assess SDG indicators at sub-National and regional levels.
Method of measurement
This measurement was conducted on selected indicators to understand the current status and progress of SDGs at a sub national rural population. A descriptive cross sectional survey was conducted in a population-based cohort covering 65 villages in seven sub-counties of Iganga and Mayuge districts in Eastern Uganda. A total of 5500 households were randomly sampled from the population cohort. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect data and information on the indicators of selected SDGs. In this phase of measurement, a survey to assess the progress on indicators for SDGs 1, 2, 3 and 6 was done.
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Uganda’s latest national HIV survey reveals lower viral suppression among adolescents and young adults living with HIV than among older adults, even as the country records substantial improvements in controlling the virus. The findings come from Uganda Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment (UPHIA 2025), a national household survey examining HIV prevalence and whether people living with the virus know their status, receive treatment, and achieve viral suppression.
Releasing the preliminary UPHIA 2025 findings at the Uganda Media Centre on 1 October 2026, Minister of Health Hon. Dr. Chris Baryomunsi called for earlier prevention and testing, particularly among adolescent girls and young women, alongside support for treatment adherence. “We must reach out to the young people, ensure that they have information, they test, take treatment, and adhere to the treatment guidance,” he urged.
Hon. Baryomunsi recalled how fear had discouraged testing during his university years: “I remember when we were at university, we went for testing at the university hospital. We sat there for three hours. Some of us left without even testing because it was scary.” Today, he explained, “even if you test HIV positive, you can be initiated on treatment, and you live normally like the rest of those who don’t have HIV.”
Minister of Health Hon. Dr. Chris Baryomunsi urges earlier HIV testing and stronger treatment adherence among young people at the UPHIA 2025 preliminary results release, Uganda Media Centre, 1 October 2026.
UPHIA 2025 was locally led under the Ministry of Health’s overall leadership, with Makerere University School of Public Health serving as the prime implementer, a role ICAP at Columbia University held in the previous two surveys. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics led sampling, while the Uganda Virus Research Institute and National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services led laboratory operations. Regional referral hospitals and local governments supported implementation, and the U.S. government provided US$10 million through PEPFAR, along with technical assistance from the U.S. CDC.
UPHIA collected data from July to September 2025 among people aged 15 and above, including those outside routine treatment services. Of 6,283 eligible households, 94.4% completed interviews. Researchers interviewed 13,801 people and tested 13,477 for HIV.
Testing followed Uganda’s national algorithm, with laboratory confirmation of positive samples, viral-load measurement, and checks for antiretroviral medicines to establish treatment use. Researchers weighted the estimates to account for the sampling design. Participants received counselling and results, and those who tested positive were referred for treatment.
Hon. Baryomunsi thanked participants and their families for welcoming survey staff and contributing their time, information and samples, without which the national evidence would not have been available.
UPHIA field staff sensitise community members about the survey ahead of data collection in July 2025.
National progress and the youth gap
The survey estimated HIV prevalence, which means the proportion of people living with HIV, at 5.9% among those aged 15 and above, corresponding to about 1.496 million people in this age group nationwide. Prevalence was 7.3% among women and 4.1% among men, ranging from 1.3% in Karamoja to 8% in the South Western region.
Among people aged 15 and above living with HIV, 86% had achieved viral suppression, meaning a low amount of HIV in the blood, measured in UPHIA as fewer than 1,000 copies per millilitre. Suppression stood at 69.3% among adolescents and young adults aged 15–24 living with HIV, compared with 89.9% among those aged 50 and above. These estimates cover people living with HIV regardless of whether they know their status or receive treatment.
A UPHIA field worker collects a blood sample from a survey participant in July 2025.
HIV prevalence among people aged 15–24 was 1.5%, including 2% among young women and 1% among young men. Among young women, prevalence was 1.3% at ages 15–19 and 2.8% at ages 20–24. These differences support attention to earlier prevention and testing, although they do not establish when infections occurred.
The highest prevalence estimates occurred among middle-aged adults: 15.7% among women aged 40–44 and 11.7% among men aged 45–49. Lower suppression among young people therefore requires attention alongside the higher HIV prevalence among middle-aged adults. Comparing the same age group across both surveys, viral suppression among people aged 15–64 increased from 74.9% in 2020–21 to 86.1% in 2025, while HIV prevalence remained at 5.9%.
UPHIA 2025 findings show HIV prevalence by age, sex and region among people aged 15 and above, with the highest estimates among middle-aged adults and in the South Western region.
Diagnosis and the path to 2030
The treatment results identify diagnosis as the main national gap. Among people aged 15 and above living with HIV, 85.3% knew their status. Of those aware, 99.1% were receiving treatment; among those receiving treatment, 96.5% had achieved suppression.
The 95-95-95 targets aimed for 95% of people living with HIV to know their status, 95% of those diagnosed to receive treatment, and 95% of those receiving treatment to achieve viral suppression by 2025. Among people aged 15 and above, Uganda exceeded the treatment and suppression targets, while diagnosis remained below target. UNAIDS’s Global AIDS Strategy 2026–2031 retains these targets towards ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.
According to WHO, viral suppression protects health and helps prevent HIV transmission. Uncontrolled HIV weakens the immune system, increasing the risk of serious illness. With continued treatment as prescribed, sexual transmission risk is negligible when HIV remains suppressed but detectable, and zero when undetectable. The Uganda AIDS Commission estimated over 34,000 new HIV infections in 2025, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis, timely treatment, and sustained suppression alongside other prevention measures.
Then Minister of Health Hon. Dr. Jane Ruth Aceng flagged off UPHIA 2025 field teams in Kampala on 29 May 2025 to generate evidence guiding Uganda’s HIV response towards ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.
The demographic stakes are substantial. People aged 15–24 constituted 21.2% of Uganda’s population in the 2024 census. The country’s Fourth National Development Plan, covering 2025–2030, prioritises a healthy, knowledgeable, skilled and productive population and reducing HIV through primary health care. Protecting young people’s health, therefore, supports their participation in education, work, and national development; UPHIA helps identify where services need greater attention.
Turning evidence into action
The study’s conclusions identify three priorities: sustain treatment outcomes, find people unaware of their status, and improve suppression among younger people. Permanent Secretary Dr. Diana Atwine connected the findings to the Ministry’s planning.
“We do believe that these results are a true reflection of what is happening in our country as far as the HIV status is concerned, and we do believe that it will give us a very clear direction and the roadmap that we are going to take in the next five years to target and to get our targets achieved.”
Ministry of Health Permanent Secretary Dr. Diana Atwine explains how UPHIA findings will guide the Ministry’s planning at the preliminary results release, Uganda Media Centre, 1 October 2026.
Acting on these priorities requires funding for services and research. Hon. Baryomunsi outlined plans to target resources where needs are greatest, strengthen district services and align partner support with government priorities. Responding to journalists’ questions, he noted the government’s intention to increase domestic funding for the HIV response, including research.
“The HIV/AIDS response, including research and surveys such as this one, has largely been funded by partners in the past. The government of Uganda is committed to allocating more resources from our domestic budget to support the response and research,” he noted.
For the first time in the UPHIA series, the survey assessed selected noncommunicable disease indicators among people aged 15 and above: 15.5% had elevated blood pressure, 24.8% were overweight or obese, and 0.9% had raised random blood glucose. These screening findings align with the Ministry’s integration agenda and Hon. Baryomunsi’s call to bring HIV and chronic care services together to address people’s wider health needs.
Speaking at the release of the preliminary results, U.S. Embassy Chargé d’Affaires Mikael (Mika) Cleverley described UPHIA 2025 as the first Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment worldwide fully led and implemented by the country itself.
U.S. Embassy Chargé d’Affaires Mikael (Mika) Cleverley highlights Ugandan leadership and U.S. support for UPHIA 2025 at the preliminary results release, Uganda Media Centre, 1 October 2026.
“The study was led by Ugandan scientists, Ugandan managers, Ugandan public servants, Ugandan field teams, from design to data collection to analysis. And this is what two decades of focused strategic U.S. foreign investments in the public health sector was meant to produce, is to reinforce Ugandan leadership and Ugandan-led efforts.”
At the survey launch on 29 May 2025, MakSPH Dean Prof. Rhoda Wanyenze highlighted the partnership’s contribution: “The partnership between Makerere University and CDC has not only helped build national capacity in surveillance and epidemiology, but has also strengthened our ability to lead high-quality, large-scale national surveys.”
MakSPH Dean and UPHIA 2025 Principal Investigator Prof. Rhoda Wanyenze highlights Uganda’s capacity to lead national surveys at the survey launch on 29 May 2025.
The Dean added: “After two decades of joint work, we are proud that UPHIA is now a fully Ugandan-led effort. This is critical to the sustainability of the skills and knowledge generation to inform our local response.”
UPHIA 2025 shows how far Uganda’s HIV response has advanced and where gaps remain. As the country works towards ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030, reaching young people with testing, treatment, and continued care will be essential to extending those gains.
MakSPH researchers, including UPHIA 2025 Activity Lead Prof. Frederick Makumbi and Project Director Dr. Sam Biraro, converse at the preliminary results release, Uganda Media Centre, 1 October 2026.
The Directorate of Graduate Training (DGT) invites applications from eligible PhD candidates at Makerere University for the PhD Completion Grant Programme for the Fiscal Year 2026/2027.
This grant is specifically designed to support doctoral candidates who are at an advanced stage of their research and are on the verge of finalising their thesis/dissertation, but who do not have an alternative source of funding for the requested period.