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Mak’s Findings: Index Patients Diagnosed and Treated for COVID-19 in Uganda

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On Tuesday May 26, 2020, Makerere University (Mak) Management converged to share findings from the study whose aim of was “to detail characteristics and treatment outcomes of the Coronavirus (COVID 19) pandemic patients in Uganda”. Coronavirus being a novel and rapidly changing pandemic, it was essential that early lessons are obtained and synthesised.  These lessons directly feed into the clinical care guidelines and eventually contribute to the country’s interventions. With funding from the Government of Uganda through the Makerere University Research and Innovations Fund (Mak-RIF), this study was successfully executed.The multidisciplinary research team was coordinated through the Makerere University Lung Institute (MLI) http://mli.mak.ac.ug/. This study was led by Dr. Bruce Kirenga, Director MLI, and Prof. William Bazeyo, Acting Deputy Vice Chancellor (Finance and Administration)-Mak as Principal Investigators. Other investigators were from Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA, Uganda Peoples Defence Forces, The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Mulago National Referral Hospital, the College of health Sciences and Ministry of Health, Uganda.

This study was conducted on the first group of COVID-19 patients (56) at Mulago National Referral hospital and Entebbe Regional Referral hospitals. Patient enrolment has continued but below we exultantly share preliminary findings.

·         Age: the average age of the patients in Uganda was 33 years which is far lower than has is reported elsewhere. In Wuhan China, for example, the average age is 59 while in the New York USA it is as higher (63 years). Older the patient have higher risk of severe forms of disease and ultimately the poorer treatment outcomes.

·         Patient Presentation: Among symptomatic COVID-19 patients, the most common symptoms were fever (21.4%), cough (19.6%), runny nose (16.1%), headache (12.5%), muscle aches (7.1%) and fatigue (7.1%). However, more than half of the patients did not have any of these symptoms at diagnosis. These patients were largely travellers returning from abroad or contacts of the confirmed/symptomatic patients above. Unlike our patients, 80% of hospitalised patients in the western world were symptomatic.

·         Laboratory and imaging tests: Coronavirus has been reported to affect almost all body tissues. To understand the extent of damage, our research team performed a wide range of tests including complete blood count, kidney function tests, troponin, lactate dehydrogenase which identifies for signs of damage to a wide range of body tissues, and C reactive protein-CRP. We found that 10.6% of the patients had low white blood cells, 26.3% had low platelets, and 12.8% had evidence of liver damage, while the kidneys had no evidence of damage. 12.2% had evidence of systemic inflammation and 43% had evidence of nonspecific tissue damage. The electrical heart activity was also checked with the electrocardiograph (ECG). All patients had normal ECG with the exception of one who had a very slow heart (bradycardia). We checked lung damage with Chest X-rays (CXR) and computed Tomography scans (CT). Three patients had significant lung damage on CT and CXR; while one of them had low oxygen saturation.

·         Comorbidity: About 25% of the initial patients (56) reported having other medical conditions in addition to COVID-19. Most of the conditions reported were the non-communicable diseases such as hypertension and diabetes which accounted for 11%. High blood pressure (higher than 140/90mmHg) was the most common comorbid disease recorded in up to 28% of the patients.

·         Disease severity: At admission, only 2 patients met the classification of severe disease (patients with severe respiratory symptoms requiring oxygen therapy) while the rest had mild disease. Temperature and oxygen saturation were monitored three times a day. All the patients recovered without the need for admission to Intensive care unit (ICU) or ventilation. This is contrary to what has been observed elsewhere, where 5% of COVD-19 patients required ICU care.

·         Treatment: To-date, there is no known cure for COVID-19. The current treatments are meant to alleviate symptoms while waiting for the body to mount an immune response to fight off the infection. The patients were able to recover on supportive care through managing the symptoms, treatment with antibiotics for those who had evidence of bacterial infection, hydroxychloroquine and vitamin C. In instances where the patients had comorbid conditions, proper management of these conditions was part of the treatment.

Conclusion: The initial group of COVID-19 patients diagnosed in the country presented with mild disease and exhibited a clinical course of disease that is quite different from what has been observed elsewhere. Imaging and laboratory tests are critical in management of this disease. Prompt identification of patients and initiation of treatment could help to prevent the development of severe forms of the disease. Frequent monitoring of the oxygen saturation is also critical for rapid patient identification and treatment. In light of the increasing number of cases in the country, these findings help in informing the national preparedness plan for COVID-19 (capacity building of health workers in clinical care for COVID-19, the required logistics, continuous research).

Recommendations

1.      Expand testing for COVID-19 in view of the finding that almost half of those confirmed did not have the classical symptoms for COVID 19. Add rhinorrhoea to symptoms for case screening.  

2.      Efforts should be taken to make clinical, laboratory and imaging tests available at all COVID-19 treatment centres to support proper grading of disease severity. At a minimum, pulse oximetry should be routine in management of COVID patients.

3.      Capacity to diagnose and treat non communicable comorbid conditions should be built across the country as part of COVID 19 response. Equipment for proper diagnosis of these diseases should be secured, installed and effectively used.

4.      Strengthen monitoring, evaluation and learning as part COVID-19 care. This will allow continued learning of COVID-19 in general and the effectiveness of the different treatments of the disease.

5.      Research should be supported including biomedical sciences research. This will allow growth of locally generated evidence to support the country’s COVID 19 response.

Acknowledgement

·         The Government of the Republic of Uganda, Makerere University Research and Innovations Fund (Mak-RIF), Ministry of Health, Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital.   

·         The study participants, all health workers engaged and Makerere University leadership.

Mark Wamai

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College of Health Sciences Inspires Future Health Professionals at Career Fair

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Prof. Bruce Kirenga addresses the senior six students and their teachers on 10th July 2026. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) Career Fair for Ngora High School and Wiggins Secondary School guiding senior six science students on careers in health sciences and introducing them to the wide range of academic programmes offered by the College, 10th July 2026, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

The Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) on July 10, 2026, welcomed senior six science students from Ngora High School and Wiggins Secondary School to an inspiring Career Fair aimed at guiding them on careers in health sciences and introducing them to the wide range of academic programmes offered by the College.

The event brought together students pursuing Physics, Chemistry, Biology (PCB) and Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics (BCM), providing them with a unique opportunity to interact with the College leadership, tour laboratories and teaching facilities, and learn first-hand about careers in medicine and other health science disciplines.

Welcoming the students, the College Principal, Prof. Bruce Kirenga, described the College of Health Sciences as one of Africa’s oldest and most distinguished medical schools, with a legacy spanning more than a century.

“We started in 1924, making us one of the oldest medical schools on the continent. You have made the right decision to visit Makerere, and we are delighted to welcome you,” he said.

Prof. Kirenga commended the school administrators and teachers for organizing the visit, noting that exposing learners to university environments early helps them make informed career choices. He explained that the College introduced the Open Day concept after receiving numerous requests from schools seeking career guidance visits.

Prof. Bruce Kirenga. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) Career Fair for Ngora High School and Wiggins Secondary School guiding senior six science students on careers in health sciences and introducing them to the wide range of academic programmes offered by the College, 10th July 2026, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Bruce Kirenga.

He congratulated the students for choosing science subjects, describing science as the foundation for solving society’s most pressing challenges.

“You have already made one of the most important decisions by choosing to become scientists. Even more importantly, you have chosen life sciences—a field dedicated to preserving and improving life,” he remarked.

The Principal emphasized that careers in life sciences extend far beyond medicine, encouraging students to remain open-minded as they consider their future.

“Everything that has life requires professionals to keep it healthy—from human beings and animals to crops and the environment. The opportunities are immense, including agriculture, veterinary medicine, biomedical sciences, public health and many other emerging fields.”

A section of senior six students and their students at the career fair. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) Career Fair for Ngora High School and Wiggins Secondary School guiding senior six science students on careers in health sciences and introducing them to the wide range of academic programmes offered by the College, 10th July 2026, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
A section of senior six students and their students at the career fair.

He also advised students not to limit themselves to only one academic programme during university applications, recalling instances where highly qualified students narrowly missed admission because they selected only one course.

“Remain open to the opportunities available. Medicine is an excellent profession, but there are many other programmes that are equally rewarding and are shaping the future of healthcare and scientific innovation,” he said.

Prof. Kirenga further encouraged the students to embrace lifelong learning, reminding them that scientific knowledge remains valuable regardless of the career path they eventually pursue.

Addressing the students, the Dean of the School of Medicine, Prof. Annette Nakimuli, acknowledged the growing competition for admission into medical programmes and urged learners to work hard while keeping an open mind about the diverse opportunities available within health sciences.

Prof. Annettee Nakimuli. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) Career Fair for Ngora High School and Wiggins Secondary School guiding senior six science students on careers in health sciences and introducing them to the wide range of academic programmes offered by the College, 10th July 2026, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Annettee Nakimuli.

She explained that admission into the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB) programme has become increasingly competitive due to the rising number of high-performing applicants.

“This year we witnessed unprecedented competition for government sponsorship, with many applicants scoring triple A at Advanced Level and outstanding grades at Ordinary Level. That tells you that you must prepare yourselves to excel academically,” she said.

Prof. Nakimuli noted that while many students aspire to become medical doctors, the health sector today offers numerous innovative programmes that are equally important.

“There are many programmes that parents, teachers and students are still not familiar with. Biomedical Engineering, for example, is one of the exciting fields driving the future of healthcare, yet many students overlook it because they focus only on medicine.”

Students and Teachers pose for a group photo with CHS staff. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) Career Fair for Ngora High School and Wiggins Secondary School guiding senior six science students on careers in health sciences and introducing them to the wide range of academic programmes offered by the College, 10th July 2026, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Students and Teachers pose for a group photo with CHS staff.

She encouraged students to explore emerging disciplines that combine medicine, engineering, technology and research, noting that the future of healthcare increasingly depends on multidisciplinary professionals.

The Dean also introduced students to the structure of the School of Medicine, explaining that it comprises twelve academic departments and two specialised units covering a broad spectrum of clinical disciplines, including Internal Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Orthopaedics, Ophthalmology, Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Family Medicine, Anaesthesia and Critical Care, among others.

She explained that students are trained by specialists across these disciplines to become competent general practitioners before pursuing further specialization.

Prof. Erisa Mwaka, the Chair of the Department of Human Anatomy, shared with the students about the School of Biomedical Sciences (SBS). He said the school is one of the four schools that make up the Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS). As the foundation of medical education, the School provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the biological and molecular sciences that underpin modern healthcare, disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

Prof. Erisa Mwaka with students in one of the teaching spaces. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) Career Fair for Ngora High School and Wiggins Secondary School guiding senior six science students on careers in health sciences and introducing them to the wide range of academic programmes offered by the College, 10th July 2026, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Erisa Mwaka with students in one of the teaching spaces.

The School comprises several departments, including:

  • Human Anatomy
  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology
  • Pharmacology and Therapeutics
  • Pathology
  • Microbiology
  • Medical Illustration

The School offers undergraduate programmes such as the Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Sciences, which equips students with strong laboratory, research and analytical skills, and the Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering, an interdisciplinary programme that integrates engineering, medicine and technology to develop innovative healthcare solutions.

At postgraduate level, the School offers a wide range of master’s and doctoral programmes, including Human Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology, Bioinformatics, Immunology and Clinical Microbiology, Health Bioethics, Medical Illustration, Pathology and other biomedical specializations that prepare graduates for careers in research, academia, diagnostics, biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry. The school also offers a wide range of diploma courses.

Dr. Isaac Magulu Kimbowa from the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Right) and colleagues interact with the students. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) Career Fair for Ngora High School and Wiggins Secondary School guiding senior six science students on careers in health sciences and introducing them to the wide range of academic programmes offered by the College, 10th July 2026, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Isaac Magulu Kimbowa from the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Right) and colleagues interact with the students.

Throughout the Career Fair, students interacted with faculty members, toured laboratories and learning facilities, and received guidance on university admission, academic programmes and career prospects within the health sciences.

The Career Fair forms part of the College’s broader outreach programme aimed at nurturing the next generation of healthcare professionals by exposing learners to university life and equipping them with the information needed to make informed academic and career decisions.

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Betty Kyakuwa
Betty Kyakuwa

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Makerere University Promotes Prof. Peter Waiswa to Full Professor

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Congratulations Prof. Peter Waiswa. Makerere University School of Public Health (MakSPH), Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

By Joseph Odoi

Makerere University has promoted Prof. Peter Waiswa from the rank of Associate Professor to Full Professor of Health Policy, Planning and Management at the School of Public Health, following the decision of the Appointments Board at its 811th meeting held on 10th July 2026.

The promotion recognises his outstanding contributions to the University’s core functions of teaching and learning, research and innovation, institutional development, mentorship, leadership, and service to society.

Throughout his academic career, Prof. Waiswa has distinguished himself as a leading scholar in implementation science, health systems strengthening, policy and health services research. His work has influenced practice and decision-making in Uganda, across Africa, and globally.

His research has strengthened the connection between evidence generation, policy development, and implementation of health programmes, particularly in resource-limited settings where stronger health systems are critical to improving population health outcomes.

Reflecting on the promotion, Prof. Peter Waiswa described the recognition as a collective achievement, acknowledging the contribution of his students, colleagues, partners, and communities that have supported his journey.

“I am deeply grateful to Makerere University for this promotion. This is not a personal achievement, but a recognition of the collective work of my students, colleagues, partners, and the communities we serve.  

We must build systems, mentor the next generation, and work with government to deliver evidence-based results so that no one is left behind. The journey continues’ ’he emphasized of the task ahead

A Public Health Scholar with Continental and Global Influence

Prof. Waiswa is recognised as one of Sub-Saharan Africa’s leading public health researchers, with a research portfolio that has shaped health systems thinking and practice.

According to Google Scholar data, Prof. Waiswa has accumulated 17,701 citations, with an H-index of 57 and an i10-index of 209. Since 2021, his work has received 10,649 citations, including more than 2,400 citations in 2025, reflecting the growing global relevance of his scholarly work.

In 2020, Expertscape ranked Prof. Waiswa among the top 0.22 percent of global authors on infant mortality, recognising his contribution to advancing knowledge in child health and survival.

Leading Research, Innovation and Health Systems Transformation

Prof. Waiswa has led major multi-sectoral research and implementation science initiatives that have contributed to strengthening health systems in Uganda, Africa, and globally.

Between 2021 and 2024, he led a multi-sectoral team across 28 Anglophone and Francophone African countries through the Digital Health Payment Initiative and Research (DHPI-R) for campaign health workers. The research is strengthening accountability in health campaigns, informing policy discussions with global partners including WHO, UNICEF, and the Gates Foundation, and contributed to the establishment of Digital Health Payment Initiative Centres at Makerere University, Uganda, and the University of Dakar, Senegal.

In 2025, Prof. Waiswa led a team in implementing the Uganda Newborn Programme, one of the country’s major health systems strengthening initiatives, supporting more than 120,000 newborns and sick newborns through a regional and life-course approach.

Prof. Peter Waiswa grew up in Naigobya Village, Luuka District, Uganda where early experiences shaped his lifelong dedication to improving health. Witnessing newborn and community health challenges inspired his commitment to building resilient, equitable health systems.

Building the Next Generation of Researchers

Beyond his research contributions, Prof. Waiswa has played a significant role in mentorship and capacity building. He has mentored numerous PhD graduates and emerging researchers who are now contributing to health programmes, academia, and policy across Africa and the globe.

In 2025, he was elected a Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences in recognition of his transformative contributions to research and innovation in women’s health, maternal, newborn and child health, and health policy.

Driving Future Health Innovations

As of 2026, Prof. Waiswa, in collaboration with researchers from Johns Hopkins University, Makerere University, and Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), is leading the Ekyaalo Diagnostics project — a low-cost, AI-powered innovation designed to reduce delays in breast cancer diagnosis and improve access to timely care, especially for women in hard-to-reach communities.

Global Leadership and Institutional Contributions

Prof. Waiswa serves in several global and national advisory roles, contributing to health policy, implementation, and systems strengthening. His roles include membership on WHO Guideline Development Groups, the WHO–UNICEF Informal Technical Advisory Group on norms for small and/or sick newborn care, the Lancet Commission on Evidence-Based Implementation in Global Health, and other global health platforms.

He also leads Makerere University’s Centre of Excellence for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and heads the INDEPTH Network Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Working Group.

To engage with Prof. Peter Waiswa visit: https://peterwaiswa.com/

Mak Editor

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MakSPH 2025 Annual Report: A Defining Year of Growth, Partnership and Public Health Impact

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Cover page of the MakSPH 2025 Annual Report. Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

The Makerere University School of Public Health 2025 Annual Report documents a defining year in the School’s institutional journey. Effective January 2025, MakSPH attained stand-alone status within Makerere University, recognising seven decades of growth in public health training, research, policy engagement and community service. The transition gives the School greater focus and institutional agility to respond to Uganda’s and Africa’s evolving health priorities.

During the 2024/2025 academic year, MakSPH had more than 1,000 students across 12 degree programmes and different years of study. It presented 269 graduands at Makerere University’s 75th Graduation Ceremony, more than 80 per cent at graduate level, while 12 doctoral candidates successfully defended their studies. Training remained closely connected to practice through eight district field-training sites and student participation in outbreak response, disease surveillance and community-based public health action.

The School produced more than 350 peer-reviewed publications. Its evidence informed national and global action across HIV, tuberculosis, maternal and newborn health, antimicrobial resistance, health systems, climate change, urban health, injuries and noncommunicable diseases. MakSPH’s contribution to the PURPOSE 1 trial supported evidence showing more than 99 per cent protection from twice-yearly injectable lenacapavir, while locally led programmes expanded HIV screening, prevention and referral services for underserved populations.

This work was sustained through partnerships with government, communities, funders, universities and implementation agencies. MakSPH’s research and training network extended across more than 35 African countries, while longstanding collaborations were renewed and new institutional relationships established. Strong research governance, unqualified audits and positive due-diligence assessments continued to reinforce partner confidence in the School’s ability to manage complex national and multi-country programmes with accountability.

Construction of the new MakSPH building on Makerere University Main Campus advanced during 2025, with completion targeted for 2026. Designed as a modern public health hub, the facility will expand teaching and specialised laboratory space, strengthen digital learning and research, and provide improved environments for students, faculty, innovation and collaboration.

These achievements reflect the shared contribution of faculty, staff, students and partners. Guided by its 2025–2030 Strategic Plan, MakSPH remains committed to training public health leaders, generating evidence that informs policy and practice, strengthening health systems and improving health in Uganda, across Africa and beyond.

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John Okeya

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