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Mak’s Findings: Index Patients Diagnosed and Treated for COVID-19 in Uganda

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On Tuesday May 26, 2020, Makerere University (Mak) Management converged to share findings from the study whose aim of was “to detail characteristics and treatment outcomes of the Coronavirus (COVID 19) pandemic patients in Uganda”. Coronavirus being a novel and rapidly changing pandemic, it was essential that early lessons are obtained and synthesised.  These lessons directly feed into the clinical care guidelines and eventually contribute to the country’s interventions. With funding from the Government of Uganda through the Makerere University Research and Innovations Fund (Mak-RIF), this study was successfully executed.The multidisciplinary research team was coordinated through the Makerere University Lung Institute (MLI) http://mli.mak.ac.ug/. This study was led by Dr. Bruce Kirenga, Director MLI, and Prof. William Bazeyo, Acting Deputy Vice Chancellor (Finance and Administration)-Mak as Principal Investigators. Other investigators were from Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA, Uganda Peoples Defence Forces, The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Mulago National Referral Hospital, the College of health Sciences and Ministry of Health, Uganda.

This study was conducted on the first group of COVID-19 patients (56) at Mulago National Referral hospital and Entebbe Regional Referral hospitals. Patient enrolment has continued but below we exultantly share preliminary findings.

·         Age: the average age of the patients in Uganda was 33 years which is far lower than has is reported elsewhere. In Wuhan China, for example, the average age is 59 while in the New York USA it is as higher (63 years). Older the patient have higher risk of severe forms of disease and ultimately the poorer treatment outcomes.

·         Patient Presentation: Among symptomatic COVID-19 patients, the most common symptoms were fever (21.4%), cough (19.6%), runny nose (16.1%), headache (12.5%), muscle aches (7.1%) and fatigue (7.1%). However, more than half of the patients did not have any of these symptoms at diagnosis. These patients were largely travellers returning from abroad or contacts of the confirmed/symptomatic patients above. Unlike our patients, 80% of hospitalised patients in the western world were symptomatic.

·         Laboratory and imaging tests: Coronavirus has been reported to affect almost all body tissues. To understand the extent of damage, our research team performed a wide range of tests including complete blood count, kidney function tests, troponin, lactate dehydrogenase which identifies for signs of damage to a wide range of body tissues, and C reactive protein-CRP. We found that 10.6% of the patients had low white blood cells, 26.3% had low platelets, and 12.8% had evidence of liver damage, while the kidneys had no evidence of damage. 12.2% had evidence of systemic inflammation and 43% had evidence of nonspecific tissue damage. The electrical heart activity was also checked with the electrocardiograph (ECG). All patients had normal ECG with the exception of one who had a very slow heart (bradycardia). We checked lung damage with Chest X-rays (CXR) and computed Tomography scans (CT). Three patients had significant lung damage on CT and CXR; while one of them had low oxygen saturation.

·         Comorbidity: About 25% of the initial patients (56) reported having other medical conditions in addition to COVID-19. Most of the conditions reported were the non-communicable diseases such as hypertension and diabetes which accounted for 11%. High blood pressure (higher than 140/90mmHg) was the most common comorbid disease recorded in up to 28% of the patients.

·         Disease severity: At admission, only 2 patients met the classification of severe disease (patients with severe respiratory symptoms requiring oxygen therapy) while the rest had mild disease. Temperature and oxygen saturation were monitored three times a day. All the patients recovered without the need for admission to Intensive care unit (ICU) or ventilation. This is contrary to what has been observed elsewhere, where 5% of COVD-19 patients required ICU care.

·         Treatment: To-date, there is no known cure for COVID-19. The current treatments are meant to alleviate symptoms while waiting for the body to mount an immune response to fight off the infection. The patients were able to recover on supportive care through managing the symptoms, treatment with antibiotics for those who had evidence of bacterial infection, hydroxychloroquine and vitamin C. In instances where the patients had comorbid conditions, proper management of these conditions was part of the treatment.

Conclusion: The initial group of COVID-19 patients diagnosed in the country presented with mild disease and exhibited a clinical course of disease that is quite different from what has been observed elsewhere. Imaging and laboratory tests are critical in management of this disease. Prompt identification of patients and initiation of treatment could help to prevent the development of severe forms of the disease. Frequent monitoring of the oxygen saturation is also critical for rapid patient identification and treatment. In light of the increasing number of cases in the country, these findings help in informing the national preparedness plan for COVID-19 (capacity building of health workers in clinical care for COVID-19, the required logistics, continuous research).

Recommendations

1.      Expand testing for COVID-19 in view of the finding that almost half of those confirmed did not have the classical symptoms for COVID 19. Add rhinorrhoea to symptoms for case screening.  

2.      Efforts should be taken to make clinical, laboratory and imaging tests available at all COVID-19 treatment centres to support proper grading of disease severity. At a minimum, pulse oximetry should be routine in management of COVID patients.

3.      Capacity to diagnose and treat non communicable comorbid conditions should be built across the country as part of COVID 19 response. Equipment for proper diagnosis of these diseases should be secured, installed and effectively used.

4.      Strengthen monitoring, evaluation and learning as part COVID-19 care. This will allow continued learning of COVID-19 in general and the effectiveness of the different treatments of the disease.

5.      Research should be supported including biomedical sciences research. This will allow growth of locally generated evidence to support the country’s COVID 19 response.

Acknowledgement

·         The Government of the Republic of Uganda, Makerere University Research and Innovations Fund (Mak-RIF), Ministry of Health, Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital.   

·         The study participants, all health workers engaged and Makerere University leadership.

Mark Wamai

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International Coordination Office Newsletter, Issue 1 Jan–Jun 2025

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Cover page of the Makerere University College of Health Sciences International Coordination Office Newsletter, Issue 1 (January–June 2025). Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

Dear Readers

We welcome you to our first edition of the international academic mobility newsletter from Makerere University College of Health Sciences. In this edition, we share the highlights of various academic mobility programs at MakCHS, experiences of several students and staff who have been able to travel, study and experience new cultures and skills aimed at increasing their competitiveness in the Global market. We also share challenges and improvements to improve student and staff academic mobility experiences.

Internationalization of higher education is defined by the OECD (1999) as the integration of an international/intercultural dimension into all the activities of a university, including teaching, research and service functions. This is in line with the Makerere University vision 2030 to become a research-led university. This cross-border movement of faculty in higher education has been attracting scholarly attention for decades since knowledge is borderless (Shen et al., 2022). Therefore, internationalization increases global higher education and impacts the world university rankings, with a goal of increasing international recruitment of the best and brightest students and scholars. These international academic mobilities offered at MakCHS involve a broad range of activities like attending conferences, visiting research partners abroad and longer stays in other countries for research purposes.

MakCHS has many academic partners with long-standing bilateral relations and agreements that go beyond academic mobility and thus has overtime developed procedures and quality control mechanisms to support academic mobility. The coordination of these academic mobilities is handled at the International Coordination Office. The office is also responsible for the administration and making sure that students and faculty have a memorable experience. It is also responsible for monitoring and reporting tasks and managing the organizational support and coordination, incoming participants’ comprehensive insurance coverage, registrations, social activities and guided city tours for incomings etc.

We look forward to learning with you, celebrating progress, and charting our next steps—together, as we build for the future.

Enjoy your reading

Dr. Mark Kaddumukasa
Associate Professor

PROGRAM DIRECTOR

View the newsletter using the link below:
ICO Newsletter 2025 Issue 1

Mak Editor

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IDI launches the Sewankambo Training Program for Global Health Security in Africa

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Prof. Sarah Ssali and Dr. Charles Olaro (Centre) with officials and fellows at the Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) on 27th October 2025. Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) unveils second cohort of PhD Fellows and launch of Sewankambo Training Program for Global Health Security, 27th November 2025, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

On 27th November 2025 the Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) unveiled the second cohort of fellows—marking a significant step forward in strengthening global health security across the region. The cohort brings together five exceptional emerging scientists whose research areas reflect the continent’s most urgent health priorities. They include Mr. Dickson Aruhomukama in Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR); Dr. Rodgers Ayebare in Case Management, Infection Prevention and Control; Mr. Julius Okwir in Epidemic Intelligence and Community Health; Dr. Robert Zavuga in Vaccines and Medical Counter Measures; and Ms. Phionah Tushabe in Planetary Health, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH). Their selection marks a new chapter in nurturing homegrown expertise capable of safeguarding Africa’s health systems for generations to come.

The Acting Vice Chancellor, Prof. Sarah Ssali while presiding over the event emphasized the significance of launching the Sewankambo Training Program for Global Health Security as a milestone not only for IDI but for Makerere University and the continent at large. She highlighted the urgency of strengthening Africa’s capacity to predict, prevent, and respond to emerging epidemics, noting the rapid rise in zoonotic disease outbreaks and the persistent weaknesses exposed by crises like Ebola and COVID-19. She celebrated the legacy of Prof. Nelson Sewankambo and the scholars shaped by his leadership, stressing that the program embodies the university’s commitment to producing transformative health leaders grounded in multidisciplinary expertise and One Health principles.

Prof. Sarah Ssali. Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) unveils second cohort of PhD Fellows and launch of Sewankambo Training Program for Global Health Security, 27th November 2025, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Sarah Ssali.

She also called for stronger collaboration across colleges—particularly with the College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (CoVAB)’s Center for Biosecurity and the College of Health Sciences (CHS) to ensure that scarce scientific resources are fully utilized and that future health professionals are prepared for an evolving global landscape. In closing, she reaffirmed Makerere University’s dedication to advancing research excellence, nurturing responsible stewardship, and upholding the values that define the Sewankambo legacy.

Prof. Buyinza Mukadasi. Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) unveils second cohort of PhD Fellows and launch of Sewankambo Training Program for Global Health Security, 27th November 2025, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Buyinza Mukadasi.

The Academic Registrar Prof. Buyinza Mukadasi also conveyed his heartfelt congratulations to IDI and Prof. Nelson Sewankambo upon this remarkable milestone. He reflected on his recent engagements with the Institute—most notably the launch of the African Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics—and expressed his admiration for the world-class research emerging from IDI, including publications in leading journals such as The Lancet and Nature. He noted that Makerere takes great pride in IDI’s work across multiple initiatives, from THRiVE to ongoing research collaborations, and wished the newly launched fellows a rewarding and impactful journey in research.

The Deputy Principal CHS, Prof. Richard Idro congratulated the new cohort and welcomed them into what he fondly referred to as “the cookhouse,” where future scientific leaders are shaped. Drawing from his own formative encounters with Prof. Nelson Sewankambo, he reflected on the deep mentorship culture that has defined generations of clinicians and researchers at Makerere—sharing stories of being challenged, supported, and pushed toward excellence. He reminded the fellows that their research will influence health policy and clinical practice far beyond individual patients, carrying long-term implications for national and global health.

Prof. Richard Idro. Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) unveils second cohort of PhD Fellows and launch of Sewankambo Training Program for Global Health Security, 27th November 2025, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Richard Idro.

Prof. Idro also acknowledged the critical challenges facing clinical disciplines, especially the constraints of promotion pathways that disadvantage highly skilled specialists without PhDs. He appealed for reforms to safeguard the future of key fields like anesthesia and surgery. Closing his remarks, he celebrated the College’s 100-year legacy, expressed gratitude for the university’s continued support, and invited alumni and partners to contribute ideas that will shape the next century of innovation, training, and service.

Dr. Charles Olaro, the Director General of Health Services, highlighted the essential role of academia in strengthening Uganda’s global health security, noting how recent outbreaks—from COVID-19 to Ebola—have revealed both the country’s progress and remaining gaps. He emphasized that programs like the Sewankambo Training Program are vital for building resilient health systems, advancing research, and shaping policies that can respond swiftly and effectively to public health threats.

Dr. Charles Olaro. Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) unveils second cohort of PhD Fellows and launch of Sewankambo Training Program for Global Health Security, 27th November 2025, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Charles Olaro.

Reflecting on the strong collaboration between the Ministry of Health and institutions such as Makerere University and IDI, he pointed out how research emerging from academia continually informs national policy, including work presented at recent conferences on non-communicable diseases and community health. Dr. Olaro congratulated the new cohort, reminding them that their work carries significant responsibility, as their research and leadership will influence health outcomes far beyond individual clinical care. He also underscored the need for stronger regional capacity, improved emergency response systems, and sustained mentorship to ensure that communities across Uganda—and the region—benefit from timely, coordinated outbreak preparedness.

In his address, Prof. Nelson Sewankambo commended the achievements of the first cohort and challenged the new fellows to uphold—and even surpass—the high standards already set. Reflecting on the rigorous selection process, he reminded the cohort that they were chosen because they demonstrated exceptional promise in a highly competitive field. He noted that the launch of this program comes at a particularly critical moment, as Africa CDC has just established a new Division for Health Security and Sovereignty, even as global financing for health research continues to decline. This, he said, makes the commitment to sustaining the program both bold and necessary.

Prof. Nelson Sewankambo. Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) unveils second cohort of PhD Fellows and launch of Sewankambo Training Program for Global Health Security, 27th November 2025, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Nelson Sewankambo.

Prof. Sewankambo also addressed concerns about the future of clinical scholars at Makerere, arguing that rigid promotion policies risk driving away talented specialists who are vital to the university’s mission. Emphasizing that “it is wise people who change direction when it is necessary,” he urged university leadership to protect pathways that allow clinicians to grow, serve, and undertake PhDs without being pushed out of the system. His message underscored both the responsibility carried by the new fellows and the collective duty to safeguard the future of medical education and research.

Dr. Andrew Kambugu, Executive Director (ED) of IDI, warmly welcomed all guests and reflected on the Institute’s long-standing culture of adaptation and innovation in response to Africa’s evolving health challenges. He celebrated the presence of Prof. Nelson Sewankambo—honoring his legacy as a founder, mentor, and active research collaborator—and acknowledged the strength of Cohort One as a living example of what the program can produce.

Dr. Andrew Kambugu. Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) unveils second cohort of PhD Fellows and launch of Sewankambo Training Program for Global Health Security, 27th November 2025, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Andrew Kambugu.

The ED emphasized that the Sewankambo Program stands on three pillars: rigorous selection, structured support with clear accountability, and strong alignment with national health priorities. He reminded the new fellows that IDI itself was born from the principle “adapt or perish,” and urged them to carry forward that spirit as they confront emerging threats like antimicrobial resistance and disease outbreaks across the continent. He also reflected on the power of mentorship, sharing personal experiences that illustrated how deeply mentorship can shape a scientific career. In closing, he expressed confidence that the five new fellows will honor the name they bear and continue building a legacy that inspires future generations.

Prof. Harriet Mayanja-Kizza reminded the newly selected fellows that while this achievement is significant, it marks only the beginning of a demanding but deeply meaningful journey. She expressed pride in the diversity of the cohort—drawn from ten African countries—and noted with delight that one of the brightest candidates emerged from the smallest country represented.

Prof. Harriet Mayanja-Kizza. Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) unveils second cohort of PhD Fellows and launch of Sewankambo Training Program for Global Health Security, 27th November 2025, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Harriet Mayanja-Kizza.

Reflecting on the evolution of impactful careers, she encouraged young people to embrace emerging fields such as bioinformatics, biotechnology, AI, molecular biology, and biostatistics, which she believes will define the future of science and global health. Prof. Mayanja spoke passionately about the diseases the fellows will tackle, highlighting the severe threat of antimicrobial resistance, the persistent burden of malaria, the dangers of resurfacing viral infections, and the transformative power of immunization. She urged the fellows to stay grounded, stay committed, and embrace the modern, data-driven tools now shaping global health research. In closing, she celebrated their potential to make a global impact and welcomed them formally into a field where their work will shape healthier futures for generations to come.

Prof. Ponsiano Ochama, one of the pioneers from the first cohort, reflected on the journey of the Sewankambo clinical scholarship from its early days in the “cookhouse” to the strong, structured program it has become. He recounted how the scholarship began as a mentorship-driven initiative aimed at nurturing future researchers and how sustained advocacy eventually removed barriers that once limited clinical scholars’ progression.

Prof. Ponsiano Ochama. Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) unveils second cohort of PhD Fellows and launch of Sewankambo Training Program for Global Health Security, 27th November 2025, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Ponsiano Ochama.

Prof. Ochama shared the impactful work he and his colleagues have since undertaken—highlighting, for example, a national study on hepatitis B mother-to-child transmission that shaped recent Ministry of Health policy. He encouraged the incoming cohort to embrace the program fully, assuring them that the “cookhouse” experience will transform them into strong, skilled scientists whose work will influence health policy and improve lives across the country.

Dr. Byonanebye Dathan, Deputy Head of the Global Health Security Department, outlined the strong rationale behind the Sewankambo Global Health Security Program, noting Africa’s rising burden of zoonotic and viral hemorrhagic fevers and the continent’s limited capacity for early detection and response. He emphasized that despite competing health priorities—HIV, TB, malaria, maternal health—there remain significant gaps in surveillance systems, workforce capacity, and research preparedness.

Dr. Byonanebye Dathan. Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) unveils second cohort of PhD Fellows and launch of Sewankambo Training Program for Global Health Security, 27th November 2025, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Byonanebye Dathan.

The program, he said, is designed to fill these gaps by strengthening research training, developing a skilled outbreak response workforce, and building a network of experts across Africa capable of generating evidence that directly informs policy and improves health systems. Dr. Dathan highlighted the rigorous selection process, the program’s alignment with WHO and national public health frameworks, and its integration of emerging technologies such as AI and machine learning. He affirmed that the fellows will receive structured mentorship, leadership development, and hands-on experience using existing data and real-world outbreak response systems—ensuring that their work leads not only to publications, but to meaningful impact across the continent.

Dr. Francis Kakooza, Acting Head of Global Health Security, traced the remarkable evolution of IDI’s Global Health Security work over the past decade, from its early CDC-funded surveillance efforts in 2015 to its expansion into biosecurity, AMR, epidemic research, policy development, and regional outbreak support. He highlighted IDI’s role in major national initiatives—including COVID-19 response, vaccination rollouts, risk management, lab accreditation, and the establishment of Regional Emergency Operations Centers—as well as its growing continental footprint through partnerships with Africa CDC, Mastercard Foundation, and Resolve to Save Lives.

Dr. Francis Kakooza (Centre) joins officials in cutting cake to celebrate the launch. Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) unveils second cohort of PhD Fellows and launch of Sewankambo Training Program for Global Health Security, 27th November 2025, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Francis Kakooza (Centre) joins officials in cutting cake to celebrate the launch.

Dr. Kakooza emphasized that the launch of the Prof. Nelson Sewankambo Global Health Security PhD Program is the culmination of years of investment in strengthening African research capacity and supporting fellows whose work is already shaping policy. He expressed gratitude to all partners, mentors, and leaders who contributed to the program’s development, acknowledged the rigorous selection that yielded five fellows from ten countries, and reaffirmed IDI’s commitment to nurturing a new generation of scientists equipped to protect the continent from infectious disease threats.

Cohort 2 PhD fellows cut cake as officials applaud. Makerere University Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) unveils second cohort of PhD Fellows and launch of Sewankambo Training Program for Global Health Security, 27th November 2025, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Cohort 2 PhD fellows cut cake as officials applaud.

Eve Nakyanzi

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Sanger Prize 2026: Call for Applications Open

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Sanger Prize 2026: Call for Applications Open. Photo: Wellcome Sanger Institute.

The Sanger Prize 2026 is now open for applications, and will be until the 9th January 2026. Further details and a link to the application form can be found here: https://www.sanger.ac.uk/about/study/the-sanger-prize-competition-2026/

The main Sanger Prize page has been updated with additional information and testimonials from previous winners, please do take a look at it here:  https://www.sanger.ac.uk/about/study/the-sanger-prize/

The Sanger Prize presents a wonderful opportunity for genomics students in low and middle income countries, therefore the prize administrators are keen for the application information to reach as many eligible people as possible. 

Mak Editor

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