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Mak’s Findings: Index Patients Diagnosed and Treated for COVID-19 in Uganda

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On Tuesday May 26, 2020, Makerere University (Mak) Management converged to share findings from the study whose aim of was “to detail characteristics and treatment outcomes of the Coronavirus (COVID 19) pandemic patients in Uganda”. Coronavirus being a novel and rapidly changing pandemic, it was essential that early lessons are obtained and synthesised.  These lessons directly feed into the clinical care guidelines and eventually contribute to the country’s interventions. With funding from the Government of Uganda through the Makerere University Research and Innovations Fund (Mak-RIF), this study was successfully executed.The multidisciplinary research team was coordinated through the Makerere University Lung Institute (MLI) http://mli.mak.ac.ug/. This study was led by Dr. Bruce Kirenga, Director MLI, and Prof. William Bazeyo, Acting Deputy Vice Chancellor (Finance and Administration)-Mak as Principal Investigators. Other investigators were from Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA, Uganda Peoples Defence Forces, The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Mulago National Referral Hospital, the College of health Sciences and Ministry of Health, Uganda.

This study was conducted on the first group of COVID-19 patients (56) at Mulago National Referral hospital and Entebbe Regional Referral hospitals. Patient enrolment has continued but below we exultantly share preliminary findings.

·         Age: the average age of the patients in Uganda was 33 years which is far lower than has is reported elsewhere. In Wuhan China, for example, the average age is 59 while in the New York USA it is as higher (63 years). Older the patient have higher risk of severe forms of disease and ultimately the poorer treatment outcomes.

·         Patient Presentation: Among symptomatic COVID-19 patients, the most common symptoms were fever (21.4%), cough (19.6%), runny nose (16.1%), headache (12.5%), muscle aches (7.1%) and fatigue (7.1%). However, more than half of the patients did not have any of these symptoms at diagnosis. These patients were largely travellers returning from abroad or contacts of the confirmed/symptomatic patients above. Unlike our patients, 80% of hospitalised patients in the western world were symptomatic.

·         Laboratory and imaging tests: Coronavirus has been reported to affect almost all body tissues. To understand the extent of damage, our research team performed a wide range of tests including complete blood count, kidney function tests, troponin, lactate dehydrogenase which identifies for signs of damage to a wide range of body tissues, and C reactive protein-CRP. We found that 10.6% of the patients had low white blood cells, 26.3% had low platelets, and 12.8% had evidence of liver damage, while the kidneys had no evidence of damage. 12.2% had evidence of systemic inflammation and 43% had evidence of nonspecific tissue damage. The electrical heart activity was also checked with the electrocardiograph (ECG). All patients had normal ECG with the exception of one who had a very slow heart (bradycardia). We checked lung damage with Chest X-rays (CXR) and computed Tomography scans (CT). Three patients had significant lung damage on CT and CXR; while one of them had low oxygen saturation.

·         Comorbidity: About 25% of the initial patients (56) reported having other medical conditions in addition to COVID-19. Most of the conditions reported were the non-communicable diseases such as hypertension and diabetes which accounted for 11%. High blood pressure (higher than 140/90mmHg) was the most common comorbid disease recorded in up to 28% of the patients.

·         Disease severity: At admission, only 2 patients met the classification of severe disease (patients with severe respiratory symptoms requiring oxygen therapy) while the rest had mild disease. Temperature and oxygen saturation were monitored three times a day. All the patients recovered without the need for admission to Intensive care unit (ICU) or ventilation. This is contrary to what has been observed elsewhere, where 5% of COVD-19 patients required ICU care.

·         Treatment: To-date, there is no known cure for COVID-19. The current treatments are meant to alleviate symptoms while waiting for the body to mount an immune response to fight off the infection. The patients were able to recover on supportive care through managing the symptoms, treatment with antibiotics for those who had evidence of bacterial infection, hydroxychloroquine and vitamin C. In instances where the patients had comorbid conditions, proper management of these conditions was part of the treatment.

Conclusion: The initial group of COVID-19 patients diagnosed in the country presented with mild disease and exhibited a clinical course of disease that is quite different from what has been observed elsewhere. Imaging and laboratory tests are critical in management of this disease. Prompt identification of patients and initiation of treatment could help to prevent the development of severe forms of the disease. Frequent monitoring of the oxygen saturation is also critical for rapid patient identification and treatment. In light of the increasing number of cases in the country, these findings help in informing the national preparedness plan for COVID-19 (capacity building of health workers in clinical care for COVID-19, the required logistics, continuous research).

Recommendations

1.      Expand testing for COVID-19 in view of the finding that almost half of those confirmed did not have the classical symptoms for COVID 19. Add rhinorrhoea to symptoms for case screening.  

2.      Efforts should be taken to make clinical, laboratory and imaging tests available at all COVID-19 treatment centres to support proper grading of disease severity. At a minimum, pulse oximetry should be routine in management of COVID patients.

3.      Capacity to diagnose and treat non communicable comorbid conditions should be built across the country as part of COVID 19 response. Equipment for proper diagnosis of these diseases should be secured, installed and effectively used.

4.      Strengthen monitoring, evaluation and learning as part COVID-19 care. This will allow continued learning of COVID-19 in general and the effectiveness of the different treatments of the disease.

5.      Research should be supported including biomedical sciences research. This will allow growth of locally generated evidence to support the country’s COVID 19 response.

Acknowledgement

·         The Government of the Republic of Uganda, Makerere University Research and Innovations Fund (Mak-RIF), Ministry of Health, Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital.   

·         The study participants, all health workers engaged and Makerere University leadership.

Mark Wamai

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College of Health Sciences Graduates First Cohort of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellows

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The first cohort of fellows that graduated from the Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellowship Programme (seated) with dignitaries on 17th June 2026. College of Health Sciences graduated the first cohort of fellows from the Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellowship Programme, 17th June 2026, Main Hall, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

A major milestone in Uganda’s efforts to reduce newborn mortality was marked on June 17, 2026, when Makerere University College of Health Sciences graduated the first cohort of fellows from the Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellowship Programme.

The pioneering cohort of five specialists completed the two-year sub-specialty fellowship designed to equip pediatricians with advanced competencies in newborn care, leadership, research, advocacy, and neonatal intensive care. The programme is accredited by the Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council and is implemented through a partnership involving Makerere University, Mulago Specialised Women and Neonatal Hospital, Kawempe National Referral Hospital, St. Francis Hospital Nsambya, Seed Global Health and Elma Philanthropies.

Speaking at the graduation ceremony, the Principal of the College of Health Sciences, Prof. Bruce Kirenga, described the occasion as a significant achievement for Makerere University and Uganda’s health sector.

“Today is a very important occasion for the College of Health Sciences, and indeed the health sector in Uganda,” he said, noting that the fellowship was established to develop highly skilled specialists capable of responding to increasingly complex healthcare needs.

Prof. Kirenga emphasized that Uganda’s changing disease patterns, increasing life expectancy, and growing demand for specialized healthcare services have created an urgent need for super-specialized training programmes. He challenged the graduates to use their newly acquired knowledge and skills to improve newborn health outcomes and save lives.

L-R: Prof. Henry Alinaitwe, Prof. Bruce Kirenga, Dr. Richard Mugahi and an official at the graduation. College of Health Sciences graduated the first cohort of fellows from the Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellowship Programme, 17th June 2026, Main Hall, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
L-R: Prof. Henry Alinaitwe, Prof. Bruce Kirenga, Dr. Richard Mugahi and an official at the graduation.

Addressing Uganda’s Neonatal Health Burden

Presenting an overview of the fellowship programme, the Head of the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Prof. Victor Musiime, highlighted the urgent need for specialists in neonatal care.

He noted that neonatal deaths, those occurring within the first 28 days of life, remain one of the leading contributors to child mortality in Uganda. The country continues to face a shortage of professionals with advanced skills in neonatal care, research, leadership, and advocacy.

“The demand for neonatologists remains extremely high,” Prof. Musiime explained, adding that the Ministry of Health envisions deploying neonatologists to regional referral hospitals and other health facilities across the country.

The fellowship programme was established to build a critical mass of neonatologists, strengthen care for high-risk newborns, develop expertise in advanced neonatal procedures, and produce leaders and advocates for newborn health.

A unique feature of the programme is its strong clinical apprenticeship model, complemented by international placements at leading institutions, including Yashoda Hospital in India and Aga Khan University Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya.

Ministry Commits to Expanding Neonatal Services

Representing the Ministry of Health, Commissioner for Maternal and Child Health, Dr. Richard Mugahi, congratulated the graduates and commended Makerere University and its partners for establishing the fellowship programme.

Dr. Mugahi revealed that the five graduates join another five neonatologists already serving in Uganda, bringing the country’s total number of neonatologists to ten. He described the locally trained fellows as a critical addition to Uganda’s healthcare workforce.

“The Ministry’s vision is to have a neonatologist at every Regional Referral Hospital,” he said, adding that Uganda aims to have at least 14 neonatologists by 2030.

He further outlined government plans to strengthen newborn care through the establishment of specialized neonatal care units at different levels of the health system, ranging from Health Centre IVs to Regional Referral Hospitals and super-specialized facilities such as Mulago Specialised Women and Neonatal Hospital.

Dr. Mugahi assured the graduates that the Ministry of Health is investing in equipment and infrastructure to support advanced neonatal services and pledged to advocate for improved career progression pathways for super-specialized health professionals.

Makerere’s Commitment to Advanced Medical Training

Representing the Vice Chancellor, the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Finance and Administration), Prof. Henry Alinaitwe, congratulated the fellows and their families on the achievement.

Prof. Henry Alinaitwe. College of Health Sciences graduated the first cohort of fellows from the Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellowship Programme, 17th June 2026, Main Hall, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Henry Alinaitwe.

He praised the College of Health Sciences for its contribution to national development and noted that programmes such as the Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellowship enhance Makerere University‘s position as a leader in knowledge generation and societal transformation.

Prof. Alinaitwe paid tribute to the graduates’ families, particularly their spouses and children, for supporting them through the demanding years of specialist training.

“The work you do is truly priceless,” he told the fellows. “The contribution you make to humanity is immeasurable.”

Graduates Hailed as Future Leaders in Newborn Health

In attendance were the director of Mulago Specialized Women and Neonatal Hospital, Dr. Sam Ononge, Deputy Director Mulago Referral Hospital, Dr. John Sekabira, Dr. Mary Nyanzi from Kawempe Referral Hospital, Sr. Dr. Assumpta Nabawanuka, the Director of St. Francis Hospital Nsambya, Dr. Irene Atuhaire from Seed Global Health Uganda and Ms. Ritah Akankwasa from ELMA Philanthropies Services, who partnered with the college in training the fellows.

Dr. Irene Atuhaire. College of Health Sciences graduated the first cohort of fellows from the Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine Fellowship Programme, 17th June 2026, Main Hall, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Irene Atuhaire.

The training partners described the graduates as pioneers who had demonstrated exceptional resilience and commitment throughout the rigorous training programme.

They applauded their contributions to patient care, teaching, mentorship, and supportive supervision, noting that their work had already contributed to improvements in maternal and newborn health services in Kampala and other regions of Uganda.

“As Kawempe National Referral Hospital, we have been privileged to witness your growth, not only as clinicians but also as leaders and advocates for newborn health,” Dr. Nyanzi said.

The graduates

  1. Dr. Tumwebaze Anita Kiiza Muhumuza
  2. Dr. Ediamu Tom Didimus
  3. Dr. Kezia Kibedi
  4. Dr. Hellen Kyokutamba
  5. Dr. Gerald Ojambo


Betty Kyakuwa
Betty Kyakuwa

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Makerere Medical Students Honour Their ‘Silent Teachers’

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Prof. Elisa Mwaka (L) presents a plaque to keynote speaker, Rev. Prof. Dr. Samuel Luboga at the Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony on 11th June 2026. Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony organized by the Makerere Students' Anatomy Society under the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS) on June 11, 2026 at Makerere University School of Public Health Auditorium, Main Campus, Eastern Gate, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

For most people, the thought of death evokes grief, fear, or loss. But at Makerere University‘s College of Health Sciences, death became a lesson in gratitude, service, and humanity as students, faculty, and health professionals gathered to honour a unique group of teachers, individuals who continued to educate future doctors long after their passing.

At the Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony, on June 11, 2026, organized by the Makerere Students’ Anatomy Society, candles flickered softly as students paid tribute to what they fondly call their “silent teachers”, the human bodies that make it possible for medical students to learn anatomy and develop the skills that will one day save lives.

Standing before fellow students and guests, Chairperson of the Makerere Students’ Anatomy Society, Joseph Mwera, reminded the audience that the ceremony was not about mourning the dead.

“Today, we gather not only to remember those whose bodies have contributed to medical education but also to celebrate their lives,” he said. “Their legacy continues to inspire and serve humanity even after death.”

Prof. Elisa Mwaka (Centre) with Makerere Students' Anatomy Society members. Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony organized by the Makerere Students' Anatomy Society under the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS) on June 11, 2026 at Makerere University School of Public Health Auditorium, Main Campus, Eastern Gate, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Elisa Mwaka (Centre) with Makerere Students’ Anatomy Society members.

For many medical students, the anatomy laboratory is where they first encounter the reality of the profession they have chosen. Behind every lesson on muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and organs is a person who once lived, loved, worked, and contributed to society.

That reality was brought to life by the keynote speaker, Rev. Prof. Dr. Samuel Luboga, a surgeon, anatomist, and priest who spent nearly four decades teaching anatomy at Makerere University.

Reflecting on his own days as a medical student, Prof. Luboga recalled spending long hours in the anatomy laboratory after his classmates had gone home, studying human anatomy in detail.

Many people wondered whether he was afraid to spend so much time among cadavers.

His answer was simple.

“These men and women had lived productive lives. They had raised families, served their communities, and contributed to Uganda’s development. Even in death, they continued to teach us the science and art of medicine. They had earned my admiration, my respect, and my gratitude.”

Rev. Prof. Dr. Samuel Luboga. Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony organized by the Makerere Students' Anatomy Society under the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS) on June 11, 2026 at Makerere University School of Public Health Auditorium, Main Campus, Eastern Gate, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Rev. Prof. Dr. Samuel Luboga.

His remarks resonated deeply with the students in attendance.

In a society where discussions about death and body donation remain sensitive, Prof. Luboga challenged participants to view the individuals in anatomy laboratories not as lifeless remains but as people who continue to contribute to humanity through education.

“The silent teachers before us today made learning possible,” he said. “The impact of their contribution is reflected in the doctors you have become and those you are yet to become. It is reflected in the countless patients you will treat and the innumerable lives you will save.”

Legal framework to guide body donation

The ceremony also sparked important conversations about the future of anatomical education in Uganda.

Prof. Elisa Mwaka. Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony organized by the Makerere Students' Anatomy Society under the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS) on June 11, 2026 at Makerere University School of Public Health Auditorium, Main Campus, Eastern Gate, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Elisa Mwaka.

Head of the Department of Anatomy, Prof. Elisa Mwaka, highlighted the need for a national legal framework to guide body donation and anatomical research. While anatomy training in Uganda has traditionally relied on unclaimed bodies obtained through hospitals, he noted that many countries are increasingly embracing voluntary body donation programmes.

According to Prof. Mwaka, building public trust will be essential if Uganda is to establish a sustainable body donation programme.

“We must help the public understand how human bodies contribute to medical education, how they are treated with dignity, and how appropriate legal safeguards can protect donors and their families,” he said.

Prof. Mwaka presents one of the awards. Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony organized by the Makerere Students' Anatomy Society under the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS) on June 11, 2026 at Makerere University School of Public Health Auditorium, Main Campus, Eastern Gate, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Mwaka presents one of the awards.

He revealed that discussions are already underway to develop an Anatomy Act that would provide a modern legal and ethical framework for the use of human remains in medical education and research.

Representing the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academic Affairs), Prof. Julius Kikooma described the ceremony as much more than an academic event.

“Behind every competent healthcare professional stands an invaluable source of learning that often remains unseen and unheard,” he said. “These individuals taught us without speaking a single word. Though they are no longer able to communicate, their contribution continues to educate, inspire, and shape future generations of healthcare professionals.”

He commended the medical students for organizing what remains the only cadaver commemoration ceremony of its kind in Uganda, noting that the initiative reflects the values of compassion, professionalism, and respect for human dignity that are at the heart of medicine.

Part of the audience as seen from the gallery. Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony organized by the Makerere Students' Anatomy Society under the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS) on June 11, 2026 at Makerere University School of Public Health Auditorium, Main Campus, Eastern Gate, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Part of the audience as seen from the gallery.

The event concluded with recognition of past and present leaders of the Department of Anatomy whose contributions have shaped anatomical education at Makerere University over the decades. Students also honoured exceptional educators who have inspired generations of future health professionals.

Yet the most powerful tribute of the day was reserved for those who could not be present to receive awards or applause.

The silent teachers

Individuals whose names may never appear in textbooks, whose stories may never be fully known, but whose gift continues to echo through hospital wards, operating theatres, and communities across Uganda.

Students perform during the Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony. Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony organized by the Makerere Students' Anatomy Society under the Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences (CHS) on June 11, 2026 at Makerere University School of Public Health Auditorium, Main Campus, Eastern Gate, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Students perform during the Second Cadaver Commemoration Ceremony.

Every doctor trained, every surgery performed, and every life saved carries a small part of their legacy.

And for one day at Makerere University, students paused to say the words that are rarely spoken aloud: Thank you.

Betty Kyakuwa
Betty Kyakuwa

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Call for Applications: Master’s Sponsorship in Genomics and Bioinformatics for Pediatric HIV

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SURGE Project Call for Applications: Master’s Sponsorship in Genomics and Bioinformatics for Pediatric HIV. Photo: Gemini.

Makerere University in partnership with Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) and in collaboration with Baylor Foundation Uganda (BFU) is pleased to invite applications for a one-year Master’s sponsorship under the Scaling Up advanced genomics and bioinformatics Research training in Pediatric HIV/AIDS in Uganda (SURGE) project. This opportunity, funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) USA, is open to students currently enrolled in the Master’s Degree programme with a specialization in Genomics and Bioinformatics at Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS).

The SURGE programme aims to train the next generation of Ugandan scientists, supporting selected students through their dissertation year with a focus on pediatric HIV. You can find full details regarding this opportunity in the attached file.

Why Apply?

  • Support for dissertation research during the final year of your programme.
  • A monthly stipend for the 12-month duration of the sponsorship.
  • Hands-on training and mentorship in genomics, bioinformatics, scientific communication, and career planning.
  • Access to extensive host genetic datasets from African children infected with HIV and support for publishing research findings.

Eligibility:

This sponsorship is open to Ugandan nationals currently in their penultimate year (Year 1 or 2) of a Master’s programme with a specialization in Genomics and Bioinformatics at Makerere University. Candidates must have a cumulative GPA of at least 3.8 and a strong interest in pediatric HIV research.

How to Apply:

Please review the specific documentation requirements and formatting guidelines outlined in the attached file. Applications must be submitted as a single PDF file to surge.ug2030@gmail.com. Additionally, a reference letter from a person familiar with your academic work must be sent directly to the same email address by the referee.

The application deadline is June 30, 2026, at 5:00 pm EAT.

For any additional information, please contact the Program Manager at surge.ug2030@gmail.com. We look forward to receiving your applications.

Mak Editor

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