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The Third NARO-Mak Joint Scientific Conference: Participants Call for More Investment in Scientific Research

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Conference theme: Innovations for enhancing productivity and agro-industrialization

Overview

Uganda’s Vision 2040, the National Agricultural Extension Policy (NAEP), the National Agricultural Policy (NAP) and the National Agricultural Extension Strategy (NAES) strategically place agriculture as a key driver to achieve socio-economic transformation in the country. The third National Development Plan (NDPIII, 2020/21-2024/25) prioritizes Agro-industrialization as a great opportunity for Uganda to embark on its long-term aspiration of increasing household incomes and improving the quality of life.  Despite the fact that the economies of many African countries are still driven by agriculture, the sector remains crippled due to several challenges including climate change; inappropriate seed systems, production practices, and post-harvest management; as well as pests and diseases. The need to feed the world’s increasing population with minimal pressure on the ecosystem brings to the forefront the critical role of innovation across the entire value chain. Increased productivity is insufficient without an efficient value chain to move produce from the farm to the fork. Efficient value chains need to be supported by innovations along the pipeline.

The Chair of the Organizing Committee, Dr. Imelda N. Kashaija welcomes participants to the conference.
The Chair of the Organizing Committee, Dr. Imelda N. Kashaija welcomes participants to the conference.

The NARO-Mak Joint Scientific Conference

As key players in the agricultural sector, the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) in collaboration with Makerere University in 2018 introduced the NARO-Makerere Joint Scientific Conference to serve as a platform for evidence-based dialogue on measures to transform the sector, with special focus on innovations for agro-industrialization. The conference therefore seeks to engage stakeholders including government, research and innovation systems as well as development partners to find options for accelerated agro-industrialization on the African continent. The Conference also provides opportunity for stakeholders to show-case advances in research and innovation that can contribute to the development and transformation of the agricultural sector. According to Dr Imelda N. Kashaija, Chair of the Organizing Committee of the Third NARO-Mak Joint Scientific Conference, a key gap in the development of the agricultural sector is the aspect of incomplete value chains. “Africa needs to embrace and nurture agricultural value chains that are competitive locally and at the global level. At the same time, the value chains should support the budding agro-industry. The agricultural sector must continuously innovate to compete in the changing ecosystem. Appropriate and evolving seed systems, production practices, post-harvest management and value addition to improve marketability are necessary for continuous innovation.”

The Prime Minister of the Republic of Uganda, the Rt. Hon. Robinah Nabbanja officially opened the conference. She pledged more government support towards scientific research.
The Prime Minister of the Republic of Uganda, the Rt. Hon. Robinah Nabbanja officially opened the conference. She pledged more government support towards scientific research.

The Third Joint Scientific Conference held at Speke Resort Munyonyo

The NARO-Makerere Third Joint Scientific Conference held on 14th-16th March 2023 at Speke Resort Munyonyo sought to establish appropriate and viable strategies towards accelerated agro-industrialization, with focus on the African continent. It was officially opened by the Prime Minister of the Republic of Uganda, the Rt. Hon. Robinah Nabbanja and graced by the Minister of State for Animal Industry, Hon. Bright Rwamirama; the Vice Chancellor of Makerere University, Prof. Barnabas Nawangwe; the Chair NARO Council, Dr William Olaho Mukani; the Director General NARO, Dr Ambrose Agona; the Chief of Party, USAID Feed the Future, Mr. Anthony Nyungu; the Principal, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Prof. Gorettie Nabanoga; and the Director, Directorate of Research and Graduate Training, Makerere University, Prof. Edward Bbaale.

Prof. Edward Bbaale, Director DRGT, Makerere University moderated the closing ceremony.
Prof. Edward Bbaale, Director DRGT, Makerere University moderated the closing ceremony.

Organized under the theme; Innovations for enhancing productivity and agro-industrialization, the conference aimed to bring to the forefront, cutting edge innovations and opportunities supportive to Africa’s agro-industrialization drive, provide a platform for the establishment of viable networks and collaborations that will catalyze agro-industrialization, and to stimulate generation of new knowledge to address emerging challenges. During the three-day conference, participants including researchers from Makerere University and NARO as well as representatives from the public and private sector deliberated on a number of issues in line with  challenges and opportunities in Mechanization and Agro-Industrialization; modernization of post-harvest management and food safety systems; intensification of crop productivity and seed systems; acceleration of the development of the Animal Resources-based Industry; management of interactions amongst agriculture, fragile ecosystems and the changing environment; and embracing ICT-based innovations for agricultural transformation. The conference featured keynote presentations by eminent researchers and policymakers. Mr. Ollen Wanda from Uganda Development Cooperation addressed participants on the challenges and opportunities in mechanization and agro-industrialization, whereas Prof. Robinson Mdegela from Sokoine University in Tanzania discussed the impact of COVID-19 on food systems.

Participants follow the proceedings of the conference.
Participants follow the proceedings of the conference.

Other keynote presentations included, the implications of the Russia-Ukraine War on Uganda’s Agriculture by Ms. Florence Nakazzi from the Economic Policy Research Centre; opportunities for modernizing post-harvest management for food and nutritional security by Prof. Archileo N. Kaaya from CAES, Makerere University; accelerating the development of the Livestock-based industry by Dr Sylvia B. Angubua; enhancing ICT-based innovations for agricultural transformation by Mr. Collin Babirukamu, Director E-government Services, NITA-U; intensification of crop productivity in the context of changing food systems by Prof. Patrick Okori from RUFORUM; sustainable management of agricultural production systems in a changing climate by Dr John Wasige from Busitema University; and the progress made in soybean research in Uganda by Prof. Phinehas Tukamuhabwa from CAES.

The Minister of State for Animal Industry, Hon. Bright Rwamirama addressing participants.
The Minister of State for Animal Industry, Hon. Bright Rwamirama addressing participants.

The conference also featured a panel discussion on the oil palm industry in Uganda. Panelists included Dr Gaberial Damulira, Principal Research Officer and Programme Leader, Horticulture and Oil Palm Programme at NARO; Dr Abubaker Muhammad Moki, Commissioner Policy Development and Capacity Building at Cabinet Secretariat, Office of the President, Government of Uganda; Mr. David Balironda, General Manager, KOPGT; and Mr. Chin Pit Te from AGM Oil Palm Bavuma Ltd.

The Vice Chancellor of Makerere University, Prof. Barnabas Nawangwe called for more funding towards research.
The Vice Chancellor of Makerere University, Prof. Barnabas Nawangwe called for more funding towards research.

Issues arising from the conference and recommendations

  • The country invests only 0.3% of its GDP in research contrary to 1% recommended by the African Union. Many good ideas cannot be implemented due to lack of funding. Governments urged to invest more in research.
  • Shifts in policy focus across political periods hindered agro-industrialization. To unlock the vast opportunities in agro-industry, Mr. Ollen Wanda from Uganda Development Cooperation advised that the functional/institutional based planning and budgeting approach where limited resources are allocated to broad functional areas such as extension, mechanization, irrigation, marketing without specifically targeting a particular commodity must be changed.
  • Agricultural research must be broadened beyond focus on staple food commodities to other commodities of great commercial and export potential.
  • Agricultural research must also be re-aligned to meet the needs of agro-industrialization.
  • There is need to develop agro-industry specific integrated infrastructure and facilities such as agro-industrial parks to facilitate tertiary processing.
  • Promote affordable and competitive financial products for mechanization and agro-industry for example agro-industry infrastructure and investment contingency fund.
  • There is need to scale up investments in high potential commodity value chains such as cotton that have big domestic and global market value.
  • In its pursuit to move the country towards middle income status, government should consider up-scaling agriculture. According to Dr John Wasige from Busitema University, subsistence farming does not create wealth. Government should therefore support farmers to engage in commercial agriculture. In his presentation on sustainable management of agricultural production systems in a changing climate, Dr Wasige noted that 90% of soil in Africa is depleted and cannot support quality agricultural production calling for interventions to improve the quality of soil. “There is need to invest in soil fertility management and irrigation. Rain-fed agriculture is not sustainable”.
  • The National Fertilizer Policy (2016) should be implemented as a measure to improve the quality of soil.
  • In a bid to embrace ICT-based innovations for agricultural transformation, government should consider lowering the cost of smart phones and expanding access to internet.
  • Researchers called for the establishment of an E-Agriculture working group that includes Agricultural Policy and technical resources, Academia, NITA/MoICT, and development partners. They also called for the creation of a cloud-based system for Agriculture.
  • There is need for vibrant seed systems focusing on crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry.
  • Strengthen regional integration with a focus on context specific solutions to minimize the impact of pandemics
  • Build a resilient system to serve during and after emergence of pandemic such as COVID-19.
  • Put in place appropriate financing products and services.
  • In a bid to modernize post-harvest management for food and nutrition security, strengthen cooperatives and credit systems for producers. It is also important to construct regional modern storage structures for grains and perishable commodities.
  • Development of the Oil Palm Industry – Uganda only produces 80,000 metric tonnes of oil palm, way below the required 410,000 tonnes. There is need for research to generate appropriate technologies to support the sector.
  • Government should empower young people to embrace agriculture as a viable means of employment.
  • Researchers called for the elimination of fake agro-chemicals on the market
  • Discussing the implications of the Russia-Ukraine war on Uganda’s Agriculture, Ms. Florence Nakazi from EPRC said Uganda should strive to have self-sufficiency to reduce its import dependency, and leverage on NDP III’s agro-industrialization strategies to develop wheat substitutes.

The Principal of CAES, Prof. Gorettie Nabanoga at the conference.
The Principal of CAES, Prof. Gorettie Nabanoga at the conference.

Remarks by the Prime Minister

In her remarks, the Prime Miniter of the Republic of Uganda, the Rt. Hon. Robinah Nabbanja appreciated NARO and Makerere University for the joint research efforts that have significantly contributed to the development of the agricultural sector, and supported government efforts aimed at moving the country to middle income status. “This conference comes slightly over one year since the President of the Republic of Uganda, H.E. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta Tibuhaburwa Museveni launched the Parish Development Model in Kibuku District. The Parish Development Model is our blueprint for organizing and delivering public and private sector interventions for wealth creation and employment generation at the parish level as the lowest economic planning unit. It therefore gives me great joy to see that the Conference theme speaks directly to some of the current efforts by Government to transition our farmers from subsistence to commercial agriculture.” Commenting on the poor state of soils, a factor greatly undermining production, the Prime Minister pledged to push for the review and implementation of the National Fertilizer Policy (2016). The Prime Minister pledged more government funding towards research and innovation. “The Government is committed to funding research aligned to the national development priorities.”  

Participants follow the proceedings of the conference.
Participants follow the proceedings of the conference.

Remarks from MAAIF

On behalf of the Minister of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), Hon. Bright Rwamirama, Minister of State for Animal Industry commended Makerere University and NARO for the significant research output. “Government appreciates the role of science in transforming economies and is committed to supporting scientific research and innovations,” he noted. Commenting on the poor state of soils, as one of the challenges undermining agricultural production, Hon. Rwamirama said the use of fertilizers and irrigation was no longer an option and that government was scaling up interventions towards modernization of agriculture. The Minister reiterated the need for homegrown solutions for challenges affecting the sector.

The Director General, NARO Dr. Ambrose Agona addressing participants.
The Director General, NARO Dr. Ambrose Agona addressing participants.

Remarks by the Vice Chancellor

The Vice Chancellor of Makerere University, Prof. Barnabas Nawangwe acknowledged the research efforts by CAES and NARO, noting that CAES contributes 30% of research and publications at Makerere. He called for more funding towards research noting that the country spends only 0.3% of its GDP on agricultural production contrary to 1% recommended by the AU. The Vice Chancellor emphasized the importance of collaboration in research. “In modern times, research is about collaboration, the more you collaborate, the better the quality of research and output.” Highlighting the challenges crippling the agricultural sector, the Vice Chancellor explained that achieving the desired transformation calls for innovativeness. “I am happy to note that as Makerere aspires to become a research-led university as per the 2020/2030 Strategic Plan, innovativeness is one of our strategic areas of focus. It is gratifying to note that our agricultural College – CAES has adopted an ‘Innovation Intentional’ agenda enshrined in the College Transformational Pact with the aim of increasing innovativeness amongst staff and students. With this, we expect to see more innovations at the College that will greatly boost Agricultural production and agro-industrialization.” The Vice Chancellor appreciated the Government of Uganda and development partners for the support extended towards research and innovation at Makerere University.

 Prof. Bernard Bashaasha chairing one of the sessions at the conference.
Prof. Bernard Bashaasha chairing one of the sessions at the conference.

Chair NARO Council

The Chairperson, NARO Council, Dr William Olaho Mukani reiterated the importance of innovation in the development of sustainable agriculture. “Our products do not meet international standards because of aflatoxins. “There is need for interventions to enhance the quality of our products. We appeal to the Government to set up an Agricultural Research and Innovations Fund.” Similarly, the Director General of NARO, Dr Ambrose Agona emphasized the importance of science and innovation in transforming the sector calling for more funding towards scientific research.

The Minister of State for Animal Industry, Hon. Bright Rwamirama (Front Row 5th R) with some of the keynote speakers on Day One of the conference.
The Minister of State for Animal Industry, Hon. Bright Rwamirama (Front Row 5th R) with some of the keynote speakers on Day One of the conference.

Remarks by the Principal CAES

The Principal of CAES, Prof. Gorettie Nabanoga briefed participants of the College’s Innovation Intentional Agenda aimed at transforming the mode of operations to increase innovations. “In line with Strategic Goal 1 that seeks to transform Makerere into research-led institution, the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES) is transforming its mode of operation in order to stimulate innovativeness and entrepreneurship within learners and faculty. In 2022, a “Pact” for Transformation Change at CAES was developed through which we shall be innovative and intentional on transforming into a College, with effective and efficient management systems, adequate supportive infrastructure and highly motivated staff to drive our Innovation Intentional agenda. Through our three schools namely; the School of Agricultural Sciences, School of Food Technology Nutrition and Bio-engineering and the School of Forestry, Environmental and Geographical Sciences and 14 research institutes, our staff shall productively engage with stakeholders and produce skilled, entrepreneurial, innovative and work-oriented graduates, able to innovatively respond to challenges, needs and aspirations in the Agricultural and Environmental sectors.”

Prof. Arthur Tugume (C), Dean School of Biosciences at the College of Natural Sciences with Prof. Bernard Bashaasha (R), and Mr. Collin Babirukamu, Director E-government Services, NITA-U (L) at the conference.

She expressed gratitude to the Government of Uganda and all development partners for supporting research at CAES and the University in general. She acknowledged the long-time partnership between CAES and NARO that has yielded several results hence transforming the agricultural sector. She appreciated the University Council and Management for supporting CAES initiatives. She also appreciated the Conference organizing committee led by Dr Imelda N. Kashaija.

Soybean varieties developed by staff at CAES were some of the products showcased at the Conference.
Soybean varieties developed by staff at CAES were some of the products showcased at the Conference.

The conference was supported by FAO Uganda, the World Bank, aBi Development Ltd, USAID Feed the Future, CABI-Africa, Agriculture Search Activity, Nile Breweries Ltd, and Dr Nicholas Kiggundu from CAES.

Some of the exhibitors at the conference.
Some of the exhibitors at the conference.

View on CAES

Keynote Presentations:

Additional Resources:

Book of abstracts: https://naromakconference.org/schedule/

Conference pictorial: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1ZM3HMlS_sPBZPepZrt_jbT5zV6WYtQGC?usp=share_link

Conference pictorial: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1-_sp5Tki2xtSDBG0Pluia5gzUde5QJdB?usp=share_link

Hasifa Kabejja

Agriculture & Environment

APRC Trains Graduate Students & Stakeholders in the Use of the African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas

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Prof. Bernard Bashaasha, Coordinator of the APRC speaking at the launch of the Centre. Agricultural Policy Research Centre (APRC), housed within the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES) two-day intensive training workshop on African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas (AAAA), 25th-26th June 2025, School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa 2nd July 2025.

The Agricultural Policy Research Centre (APRC), housed within the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES) at Makerere University, continues to play a pivotal role in shaping Uganda’s agricultural future through evidence-based policymaking. With a mission to ensure that agricultural policies are grounded in empirical research and data, APRC is actively investing in capacity-building initiatives that empower researchers, policymakers, and development actors.

In a significant stride toward building climate resilience in African agriculture, APRC recently organized a two-day intensive training workshop focused on the African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas (AAAA) – a state-of-the-art, web-based decision-support platform that facilitates the integration of climate data into agricultural planning and policy.

Dr. Florence Rwiza training participants in the use of the Atlas on Day One of the workshop. Agricultural Policy Research Centre (APRC), housed within the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES) two-day intensive training workshop on African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas (AAAA), 25th-26th June 2025, School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa 2nd July 2025.
Dr. Florence Rwiza training participants in the use of the Atlas on Day One of the workshop.

The workshop, held on Wednesday 25th and Thursday 26th June 2025 at the School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, targeted two key groups: graduate students on the first day, and university faculty, government officials, and development practitioners on the second. This structure ensured tailored learning experiences for both emerging and seasoned professionals, helping to bridge the gap between academic research and real-world policy implementation.

The African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas (AAAA) is designed to provide dynamic, data-rich visualizations that support informed decision-making in agriculture and food systems across the continent. Through interactive maps and analytical tools, users can explore projected climate impacts, evaluate risks, and identify localized, climate-smart adaptation strategies.

Graduate students at the training on Day One of the workshop held at the School of Agricultural Sciences, CAES. Agricultural Policy Research Centre (APRC), housed within the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES) two-day intensive training workshop on African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas (AAAA), 25th-26th June 2025, School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa 2nd July 2025.
Graduate students at the training on Day One of the workshop held at the School of Agricultural Sciences, CAES.

Throughout the sessions, participants received hands-on training in a broad range of AAAA functionalities, including:

  1. Leveraging the Atlas for research and policy communication: Enhancing the ability of scientists and policy actors to translate complex climate data into actionable insights;
  2. Assessing projected climate impacts and associated agricultural risks: Essential for forward-looking planning and risk mitigation;
  3. Identifying climate-smart investment options, with a particular focus on the livestock sector, which is especially vulnerable to climate shocks;
  4. Analysing gendered vulnerabilities: Examining how climate change disproportionately affects women in agricultural communities;
  5. Understanding the implications of heat stress on agricultural productivity: Supporting targeted interventions to protect producers and their livelihoods;
  6. Estimating the economic returns of adaptation strategies: Aiding in prioritizing investments and allocating limited resources effectively.
One of the trainers guides graduate students on the use of the African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas. Agricultural Policy Research Centre (APRC), housed within the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES) two-day intensive training workshop on African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas (AAAA), 25th-26th June 2025, School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa 2nd July 2025.
One of the trainers guides graduate students on the use of the African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas.

Prof. Bernard Bashaasha, the APRC Coordinator, emphasized the importance of the training in advancing Africa’s adaptation agenda. “As climate change continues to threaten food security and disrupt livelihoods across the continent, tools like the AAAA, and the skills to use them effectively are essential. They empower decision-makers to craft policies that are adaptive, inclusive, and rooted in science,” he noted.

The workshop was coordinated by Dr. Florence Rwiza, Lecturer in the Department of Agribusiness and Natural Resource Economics at CAES.  

More photos from the Training

Graduate students during one of the training sessions held on 25th June 2025. Agricultural Policy Research Centre (APRC), housed within the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES) two-day intensive training workshop on African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas (AAAA), 25th-26th June 2025, School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa 2nd July 2025.
Graduate students during one of the training sessions held on 25th June 2025.

A graduate student seeking clarification on some of the components of the AAAA. Agricultural Policy Research Centre (APRC), housed within the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES) two-day intensive training workshop on African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas (AAAA), 25th-26th June 2025, School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa 2nd July 2025.
A graduate student seeking clarification on some of the components of the AAAA.

Dr. Florence Rwiza training the university faculty, government officials, and development practitioners on Day Two of the workshop. Agricultural Policy Research Centre (APRC), housed within the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES) two-day intensive training workshop on African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas (AAAA), 25th-26th June 2025, School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa 2nd July 2025.
Dr. Florence Rwiza training the university faculty, government officials, and development practitioners on Day Two of the workshop.

Some of the university faculty, government officials, and development practitioners who participated in the training. Agricultural Policy Research Centre (APRC), housed within the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES) two-day intensive training workshop on African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas (AAAA), 25th-26th June 2025, School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa 2nd July 2025.
Some of the university faculty, government officials, and development practitioners who participated in the training.

Dr. Florence Rwiza conducting one of the training sessions on Day Two of the workshop. Agricultural Policy Research Centre (APRC), housed within the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES) two-day intensive training workshop on African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas (AAAA), 25th-26th June 2025, School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa 2nd July 2025.
Dr. Florence Rwiza conducting one of the training sessions on Day Two of the workshop.

Some of the participants and trainers at the workshop. Agricultural Policy Research Centre (APRC), housed within the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES) two-day intensive training workshop on African Agriculture Adaptation Atlas (AAAA), 25th-26th June 2025, School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa 2nd July 2025.
Some of the participants and trainers at the workshop.

Hasifa Kabejja

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Agriculture & Environment

NbS4Tea Project Team Makes Great Progress, Deploys Drones for Data Collection

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Mr. Timothy Mutungi, a certified Remote Sensing Drone Pilot, training the project team in drone operations. At Makerere, the project is coordinated by Dr Alex Nimusiima, third right. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.

****Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, NbS4Tea is a five-year initiative aimed at enhancing climate resilience and tea productivity in Uganda.

Launch of drones for data collection

The Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project has registered a significant milestone with the successful deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection.

On 19th June 2025, the project team officially launched the drones at the Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, the project’s main research hub. The launch event included hands-on training sessions by Mr. Timothy Mutungi, a certified Remote Sensing Drone Pilot. Mr. Mutungi provided detailed instruction on drone operation, safety procedures, and data acquisition techniques specifically tailored to the project’s goals. The training was attended the core NbS4Tea researchers as well as students supported by the project.

Mr. Timothy Mutungi, a certified Remote Sensing Drone Pilot briefs the research team on the critical role of drones in data collection. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.
Mr. Timothy Mutungi, a certified Remote Sensing Drone Pilot briefs the research team on the critical role of drones in data collection.

By utilizing drone technology, the team will be able to capture high-resolution imagery and gather critical environmental data across vast tea-growing areas. This will enable more precise assessments of biodiversity, soil health, water use, and overall ecosystem services. The valuable insights generated will guide the development of sustainable, nature-based agricultural practices with the potential for widespread adoption throughout the tea industry.

About the NbS4Tea Project

NbS4Tea is a five-year initiative aimed at enhancing climate resilience and tea productivity in Uganda. Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and led by Dr Emmanuel Arthur from Aarhus University, the project is being implemented through a consortium of Ugandan and Danish institutions namely: Makerere University, the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), Uganda, Uganda Tea Association, Aarhus University, Denmark, and Kick-start International.

The project team members attending a training session at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre. From Right to left: Dr. Prossy Nakawuka, Dr. Alex Nimusiima - Team Leader, Makerere University, Dr. Twaha Ali Basamba, and Dr. Grace Nakabonge. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.
The project team members attending a training session at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre. From Right to left: Dr. Prossy Nakawuka, Dr. Alex Nimusiima – Team Leader, Makerere University, Dr. Twaha Ali Basamba, and Dr. Grace Nakabonge.

The primary objective of the project is to sustainably close the tea yield gap in Uganda by developing research-driven, nature-based solutions that enhance the climate resilience of tea production systems. This involves identifying climate-resilient tea varieties, integrating tea prunings and banana by-products, utilizing nitrogen-fixing agroforestry trees, and improving irrigation management. The approach emphasizes socio-economic feasibility, capacity building in research, and a market-oriented, multi-stakeholder collaboration to ensure both environmental and economic sustainability.

At Makerere University, the project is coordinated by Dr Alex Nimusiima from the Department of Geography, Geo-Informatics and Climatic Sciences at CAES. Other Project members are; Dr Grace Nakabonge from the Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism; Dr Prossy Nakawuka from the Department of Agricultural and Bio-systems Engineering; Dr Twaha Ali Basamba from the Department of Agricultural Production; and Dr Alice Turinawe from the Department of Agribusiness and Natural Resource Economics.

The project team during a training in drone operations at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.
The project team during a training in drone operations at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District.

Specific objectives

  1. Identify and quantify climate change impacts on tea yield and quality based on historical and newly obtained data and novel data mining methods.
  2. Screen, select and recommend tea varieties adapted to abiotic (drought and heat) and biotic stresses (diseases and pests).
  3. Develop new knowledge on the potential of local waste biomass (tea prunings, banana pseudostems and peels) as soil amendments- mulch, compost, biochar, to recycle nutrients, improve soil fertility, increase carbon sequestration and alleviate drought.
  4. Reveal NbS through agroforestry combined with organic mulch, irrigation and resilient tea varieties that increase biodiversity and tea yield.
  5. Innovate new methods to enhance tea production under climate change through rainwater harvest and climate-smart irrigation infrastructure.
  6. Empower vulnerable groups (women, youth, and people with disabilities) in tea production and processing to ensure multi-actor involvement and socio-economic benefit outreach of the proposed NbS in tea cultivation and production.
  7. Identify export market strategies for NbS tea products, aligned with consumer preferences.
Some of the PhD and Masters students supported by the project. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.
Some of the PhD and Masters students supported by the project.

Progress thus far

Launched in January 2024, the project, organized in five work packages, has registered significant progress. Each of the work packages listed below supports one PhD student and one Masters’ student. The PhD students are: i) Mr. Adiga Hassan from the Department of Geography, Geo-Informatics and Climatic Sciences at CAES conducting research under work package 1; ii) Ms. Sarah Namayengo from the Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism conducting research under work package 2; Ms. Vivian Namutebi from the Department of Soil Science and Land Use Management undertaking research on work package 3; Mr. Keneth Chelimo from the Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering conducting his research under work package 4; and Ms. Moreen Asasira from the Department of Agribusiness and Natural Resource Economics focusing on work package 5. The Masters students are: i) Ms. Evelyn Katasi from the Department of Environmental Management at CAES (work package 1), Mr. Vereriano Turyahebwa from Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism (work package 2); Mr. Ben Okurut from the Department of Soil Science and Land Use Management (work package 3); Mr. Augustine Okot from the Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (work package 4); and Mr. Augustine Kigozi from the Department of Agribusiness and Natural Resource Economics (work package 5)

The project team receiving training on drone operations at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.
The project team receiving training on drone operations at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre.

Work packages and achievements registered

Work Package 1: Climate change impacts on tea yield and quality – Headed by Dr. Alex Nimusiima

This work package centres on the analysis of historical and projected climate conditions in the study area. It examines how current climate patterns influence tea production, as well as the potential effects of future climate change on tea yield and quality.

Progress

i) A household survey assessing the socio-economic status of tea farmers and the effects of climate variability on their livelihoods has been completed.
ii) The collected data has been cleaned, and the Masters student supported under this work package is currently writing her thesis based on the survey findings.
iii) A historical climate analysis of the study area has been conducted by the PhD student, who is now preparing a manuscript.

One of the drones to be used by the project team flying over the research area during the training session. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.
One of the drones to be used by the project team flying over the research area during the training session.

Work Package 2: Screening & selecting tea genotypes for resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses – Headed by Assoc. Prof. Grace Nakabonge

This work package focuses on evaluating existing tea genotypes for their resistance to pests and diseases, using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging as a diagnostic tool.

Progress

i) A screen house has been constructed to serve as the experimental site.

ii) Germplasm from two tea varieties is currently being cultivated in the screen house in preparation for the upcoming experiments.

iii) A drone has been acquired to assist in data collection for this work package.

The students supported by the project undergo practical training at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.
The students supported by the project undergo practical training at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre.

Work Package 3: Evaluation of NbS for climate resilience, higher yield and biodiversity- Headed by Assoc. Prof. Twaha Ali Basamba

This focuses on the characterization of mulch and biochar derived from tea prunings to improve soil health. It also aims to quantify the added value of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in enhancing tea productivity, promoting climate resilience, and supporting biodiversity.

Progress

  1. So far, Biochar has been produced from tea prunings and characterized.
  2. The Masters student supported under this work package is writing his thesis on the results of biochar characterization.
Ms. Sarah Namayengo, a PhD student supported by the project tests her skills after the training. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.
Ms. Sarah Namayengo, a PhD student supported by the project tests her skills after the training.

Work Package 4: Innovating smart and scalable irrigation technology for improved tea production- Headed by Dr. Prossie Nakawuka

This work package aims to develop and evaluate smart, scalable irrigation solutions to boost tea production. It focuses on assessing how irrigation impacts tea yield and quality, measuring water use efficiency, and analyzing the economic returns of irrigation practices. Additionally, it explores deficit irrigation and climate-resilient strategies to ensure sustainable tea farming in changing environmental conditions.

Progress

  1. The irrigation infrastructure is now in place and fully operational at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District.
  2. The experimental plots for irrigation experiments are already in place with water pipes.
A close-up of the drone in flight. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.
A close-up of the drone in flight.

Work package 5: Socio-economic assessment of tea-agroforestry and selected tea varieties – Headed by Dr. Alice Turinawe

This work package emphasizes co-creation within multi-stakeholder innovation networks to evaluate the economic feasibility and market access of tea agroforestry systems. It also focuses on promoting gender balance and understanding consumer valuation of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) tea from Uganda.

Progress

To date, two co-creation workshops have been successfully conducted and the Masters student under this work package is currently analyzing the workshop results as part of their research.

The project team being trained on drone operation. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.
The project team being trained on drone operation.

Expected outputs and outcomes

  1. Increased tea production, productivity, and biodiversity through the adoption of NbS.
  2. Increased research and technical capacity of Makerere and R-ZARDI.
  3. Holistic stakeholder insight on economic feasibility, consumer acceptance and market access strategies, especially for vulnerable groups in the tea value chain.
  4. Increased job prospects for youth and women in tea production sub-sectors.
  5. Improved social status and increased incomes of tea farmers, traders, and exporters.
  6. Improved economic and environmental quality by recycling biomass waste into value-added products dedicated to soil enhancement.
  7. 4+ high-yielding tea genotypes adapted to drought and heat, diseases and pests.
  8. 15+ scientific articles, conference presentations.
  9. Five PhDs and Five MSc degrees.
  10. Market access assessment and empowerment.
Part of the Drip Irrigation System set up by the project team at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.
Part of the Drip Irrigation System set up by the project team at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre.

Details on the project: https://news.mak.ac.ug/2024/01/new-caes-project-to-improve-tea-production-in-uganda/

More photos from the event

The screen house constructed to serve as the experimental site. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.
The screen house constructed to serve as the experimental site.

The Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.
The Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District.

Fields of the tea crop. Nature-based Solutions for Tea (NbS4Tea) project at College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Makerere University, Kampala, Funded by the Danish Fellowship Centre under Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deployment of drones to improve environmental and agricultural data collection at Rwebitaba Tea Research Centre in Kyenjojo District, Uganda, East Africa, 19th June 2025.
Fields of the tea crop.

Hasifa Kabejja

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Agriculture & Environment

New Mak-CAES Project to Spur Green Growth in East Africa

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The project team led by the PI, Dr Patrick Musinguzi (2nd L) at the launch ceremony held in the GIS Lab at CoCIS, Makerere University. Department of Soil Science and Land Use Management at the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), launch of two-year project, code-named TORCH (Towards a Clean Energy and Zero-emission Society in East Africa) to foster green growth and promoting sustainable development across East Africa, June 2025, GIS Lab, College of Computing and Information Sciences (CoCIS) Makerere University, Kampala Uganda.

Makerere University, through its Department of Soil Science and Land Use Management at the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), has launched a new project aimed at fostering green growth and promoting sustainable development across East Africa. This initiative aligns with global efforts to combat climate change and create eco-friendly, low-carbon communities through collaborative research, education, and technology.

The PI, Dr Patrick Musinguzi briefing participants about the objectives of the project. Department of Soil Science and Land Use Management at the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), launch of two-year project, code-named TORCH (Towards a Clean Energy and Zero-emission Society in East Africa) to foster green growth and promoting sustainable development across East Africa, June 2025, GIS Lab, College of Computing and Information Sciences (CoCIS) Makerere University, Kampala Uganda.
The PI, Dr Patrick Musinguzi briefing participants about the objectives of the project.

Introducing the TORCH Project: Towards a Clean Energy and Zero-Emission Society

The two-year project, code-named TORCH (Towards a Clean Energy and Zero-emission Society in East Africa), seeks to strengthen cooperation between academia and local communities to promote green growth and environmental sustainability. Funded by the OeAD-GmbH under the Austrian Partnership Programme in Higher Education Research for Development (APPEAR), TORCH focuses on clean energy solutions, carbon emission reduction, and community empowerment through training, research, and co-creation of green technologies.

Dr Paul Mukwaya (R), Dr Godfrey Taulya, Dr Twaha Ali Basamba Ateenyi, academic staff from CAES at the launch ceremony. Dr Mukwaya represented the Principal of CAES. Department of Soil Science and Land Use Management at the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), launch of two-year project, code-named TORCH (Towards a Clean Energy and Zero-emission Society in East Africa) to foster green growth and promoting sustainable development across East Africa, June 2025, GIS Lab, College of Computing and Information Sciences (CoCIS) Makerere University, Kampala Uganda.
Dr Paul Mukwaya (R), Dr Godfrey Taulya, Dr Twaha Ali Basamba Ateenyi, academic staff from CAES at the launch ceremony. Dr Mukwaya represented the Principal of CAES.

Officially launched by the Principal of CAES, represented by Dr. Paul Mukwaya, Head of the Department of Geography, Geo-Informatics and Climatic Sciences at Makerere University, TORCH builds upon existing East African government policies. The project will implement the innovative concept of living labs, where universities, communities, and stakeholders co-design, co-create, and co-produce affordable, reliable green technologies tailored to local needs.  

Mr. Andreas Bauer from the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna provided valuable insights into the critical role that living labs play in promoting sustainable, green growth. Department of Soil Science and Land Use Management at the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), launch of two-year project, code-named TORCH (Towards a Clean Energy and Zero-emission Society in East Africa) to foster green growth and promoting sustainable development across East Africa, June 2025, GIS Lab, College of Computing and Information Sciences (CoCIS) Makerere University, Kampala Uganda.
Mr. Andreas Bauer from the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna provided valuable insights into the critical role that living labs play in promoting sustainable, green growth.

Key Objectives and Activities

TORCH aims to:

  1. Enhance teaching on green growth by integrating principles into selected academic curricula.
  2. Establish three living laboratories in Central, South Western, and Eastern Uganda to boost co-creation on energy efficiency and low-carbon emissions.
  3. Increase human capacity through short courses, field research, and training.
  4. Empower women in science and technology.
  5. Promote novel green technologies and support policy transformation.
  6. Strengthen partnerships among universities in East Africa.
Mr. Andreas Bauer delivering his presentation on the significance of living labs. Department of Soil Science and Land Use Management at the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), launch of two-year project, code-named TORCH (Towards a Clean Energy and Zero-emission Society in East Africa) to foster green growth and promoting sustainable development across East Africa, June 2025, GIS Lab, College of Computing and Information Sciences (CoCIS) Makerere University, Kampala Uganda.
Mr. Andreas Bauer delivering his presentation on the significance of living labs.

These activities directly contribute to achieving several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDGs 4 (Quality Education), 5 (Gender Equality), 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and 13 (Climate Action), while also reducing health risks and conserving the environment.

Dr Anna Ninsiima, gender expert on the project together with the representatives of farmers at the launch ceremony. Department of Soil Science and Land Use Management at the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), launch of two-year project, code-named TORCH (Towards a Clean Energy and Zero-emission Society in East Africa) to foster green growth and promoting sustainable development across East Africa, June 2025, GIS Lab, College of Computing and Information Sciences (CoCIS) Makerere University, Kampala Uganda.
Dr Anna Ninsiima, gender expert on the project together with the representatives of farmers at the launch ceremony.

Leadership and Partner Institutions

The overall project coordinator is Dr. Patrick Musinguzi, Lecturer in the Department of Soil Science and Land Use Management at Makerere University. TORCH involves several partner institutions, including: Makerere University (Uganda), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (Austria), Kabale University (Uganda), Busitema University (Uganda), Kyambogo University (Uganda), and the University of Juba (South Sudan).

The coordinators at Busitema, Kyambogo, and Kabale Universities briefing participants on their roles in the project. Department of Soil Science and Land Use Management at the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), launch of two-year project, code-named TORCH (Towards a Clean Energy and Zero-emission Society in East Africa) to foster green growth and promoting sustainable development across East Africa, June 2025, GIS Lab, College of Computing and Information Sciences (CoCIS) Makerere University, Kampala Uganda.
The coordinators at Busitema, Kyambogo, and Kabale Universities briefing participants on their roles in the project.

Highlights of the Launch Ceremony

During the launch ceremony held in the GIS Lab at Makerere University, and attended by representatives from the partner institutions, Dr. Musinguzi presented an overview of TORCH, outlining key strategies for implementation and expected outcomes. Central to the project’s strategy is the integration of green growth principles into Makerere University’s academic curriculum. This will be formally proposed to the University Management for adoption. Additionally, the project aims to strengthen the university’s research agenda in this critical area. This will involve supporting faculty and student-led research projects and generation of evidence-based insights on green growth to influence policy at both local and national levels. There are also plans to establish three living labs in Central, South Western, and Eastern Uganda to serve as practical hubs for advancing green growth.

Mr. Kayanja Susane (L), a farmer from Luweero sharing his views on the importance of collaboration between local communities and the academia. Department of Soil Science and Land Use Management at the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), launch of two-year project, code-named TORCH (Towards a Clean Energy and Zero-emission Society in East Africa) to foster green growth and promoting sustainable development across East Africa, June 2025, GIS Lab, College of Computing and Information Sciences (CoCIS) Makerere University, Kampala Uganda.
Mr. Kayanja Susane (L), a farmer from Luweero sharing his views on the importance of collaboration between local communities and the academia.

Expert Insights on Community Engagement

In his presentation, Mr. Andreas Bauer from the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna provided valuable insights into the critical role that living labs play in promoting sustainable, green growth. Highlighting practical examples and innovative approaches, Mr. Andreas Bauer emphasized how living labs serve as dynamic platforms for collaboration between researchers, industry stakeholders, and local communities, enabling real-world experimentation and the development of eco-friendly solutions that drive environmental and economic progress.

Some of the project members at the launch ceremony. Department of Soil Science and Land Use Management at the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), launch of two-year project, code-named TORCH (Towards a Clean Energy and Zero-emission Society in East Africa) to foster green growth and promoting sustainable development across East Africa, June 2025, GIS Lab, College of Computing and Information Sciences (CoCIS) Makerere University, Kampala Uganda.
Some of the project members at the launch ceremony.

To emphasize the importance of collaboration between local communities and the academia, Mr. Kayanja Susane, a farmer from Kawumu Village in Luweero District, explained that, with guidance and support from the project team, he learned to produce biogas from animal waste -a reliable source of energy that reduces dependence on traditional fuels, subsequently minimizing environmental degradation.

Dr Walusimbi Sadhat, Lecturer in the Department of Range and Animal Science at CAES sharing his views on the project. Department of Soil Science and Land Use Management at the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), launch of two-year project, code-named TORCH (Towards a Clean Energy and Zero-emission Society in East Africa) to foster green growth and promoting sustainable development across East Africa, June 2025, GIS Lab, College of Computing and Information Sciences (CoCIS) Makerere University, Kampala Uganda.
Dr Walusimbi Sadhat, Lecturer in the Department of Range and Animal Science at CAES sharing his views on the project.

Research Focus 

As part of the strategy to guide implementation, the project team brainstormed potential ecological and social indicators of low emissions in homesteads, and proposed several research areas to support green growth. Proposed research areas include:

  1. Life cycle analysis
  2. Circular economy practices within homesteads
  3. Gender integration and the intersection of gender with green growth
  4. The role of livestock in promoting green growth
  5. Evaluating the impact of interventions on total emissions
  6. Barriers to adopting green innovations
  7. The use of indigenous knowledge in promoting green growth

Addressing the participants, the Principal of the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), represented by Dr. Paul Mukwaya, Head of the Department of Geography, Geo-Informatics, and Climatic Sciences at Makerere University, commended the project as a timely initiative aligned with the University’s research agenda. He underscored the importance of collaborating with other stakeholders, noting that similar projects have been conducted within and outside Makerere. Dr. Mukwaya called for the adoption of the theory of change framework to ensure the project delivers measurable, sustainable impacts that extend beyond policy briefs and gender mainstreaming, ultimately contributing to lasting green transformation in the region. He expressed appreciation to the project funders for their unwavering support to Makerere University.

Hasifa Kabejja

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