Agriculture & Environment
Academia & Local Govt. Officials in West Nile Sensitized on Forestry & Biodiversity Conservation
Over 60 participants comprising academia, local government officials, the private sector and civil society organization on 2nd December 2021 converged at Muni University in Arua district to dialogue on the status of forests and bio diversity in West Nile region of Uganda
The policy dialogue was organized by EfD-Mak Centre in collaboration with Muni University and Arua District Local Government under the theme, “Forestry and Biodiversity: Addressing the challenges of Forest Degradation and enhancing Environment Management in Uganda”.
Arua threatened by high Refugee influx and atrocities on the environment
The Ag. Director EfD-Mak Centre Fred Kasalirwe said Arua was selected because a lot of atrocities committed on nature in the region and the fact that Arua Local Government has been at the fore front of this because it is the mother district for all.
Kasalirwe said there is an influx of refugees and refugee settlements in the region who interface with nature directly because they lack alternative sources. Most of the charcoal and firewood supplied in Kampala and other towns come from West Nile and this has led to the loss of indigenous tree cover. Whoever tries to replace goes for eucalyptus and pine also impacting on the flora and fauna.
“One of the mandates of the centre is to reach out to policy makers and implementers and other stakeholders in the field of environment and natural resources because the policies are implemented at the local government levels. So reaching out to local governments helps to understand what is on ground and when we sit to make policy recommendations, we have voices from the lower local government levels.
The voices gathered from the engagement and debate will be taken up through drafted policy briefs and then we organize a national level dialogue with combined voices from all districts visited, identify policy gaps and engage the ministers and advocates who are parliamentary committees on environment, natural resources and agriculture to air out voices on the parliament floor,” said Kasalirwe.
Forest depletion in West Nile higher than the national rate
The representative of the Vice chancellor Muni University Prof. Robert Kajobe who is Dean school of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences said the degradation of the environment and forests in the region is relatively more that the national rate.
“We have over 40 years of degradation which has worsened. Uganda has 1.4million refugees and out these over 1million refugees are in West Nile alone. These added to the native population of 3 million culminates to 4 million people looking for materials for construction, fuel wood and charcoal and the toll is on the environment.
Before the refugee status West Nile was known for tobacco growing and the tobacco depleted the soil in the region for a long time because when they were curing tobacco they were using fuel wood selecting indigenous trees which were important with residual values leaving the ground bear”, the Vice Chancellor reported.
Prof. Kajobe decried that West Nile region used to have two rainy seasons (March to May) and another longer one (July to November or up to early December) but in the last three years, the region has had one season of drought from December up to may.
In addition he said there is scarcity of construction materials and fuel wood forcing women and girls to walk 3-5km looking for fuel wood and while hunting for wood, conflicts arise, they are bitten or raped.
The region he reported is experiencing food insecurity due to soil depletion caused by clearance of the forests and because of the drought, annual crops cannot do well while perennial crops like tea cocoa, banana and coffee are no more
Muni university pilots alternative fuel sources and revises curriculum
Muni university according to Prof. Kajobe has embarked on a number of research projects on sustainable and alternative use of the environment including a pilot project on biogas from feacal sludge as a main source of fuel for homes and institution to reduce pressure on forest cutting using sludge.
“The university has done studies on the severity of the problem and secondly we are designing courses in environment and natural resources to bring on board technical people locally both in Masters, Bachelors and Diploma to help in fixing the problem.
We are also partnering with organizations to provide information as technical backstopping to many local and international NGOs, created awareness through media and visited these areas and talked to the local communities to see that the problem is solved. Another key issue is the involvement of the district local government and technical people and political leaders to rally together and solve the problem.
District plans to mitigate forest and biodiversity degradation
The Chairman (LCV) Alfred Okuonzi called upon the District leadership to defend, identify and promote a conservation culture saying, all people know the importance of forests and natural resources in general.
The Chairman noted that a lot has been written and said but all has remained on paper due to lack of exemplary leadership at the district adding that time has come for the district to announce tree cutting in West Nile as an outbreak just like COVID-19 to attract the attention and financing from every stakeholder.
“With the outbreak of COVID-19, we saw vehicles and financial assistance flow to districts. But when trees are cut nothing is done. We need special funding to green the region. If we continue interfering with the environment supporting our livelihoods, the pattern of rains will continue to be distorted, agricultural production will continue to be affected leading to malnutrition and poor performance in schools”.
The district chairman expressed the need to put in place more staffing in the forest department to the level of Principal and senior forest officers as is in other sectors.
He said although government has injected resources in environmental protection, the resultant impact remain minimal largely due to poor leadership and uncontrolled reproduction increasing the population heavily dependent on the environment.
He said the district plans to spend resources on individual leaders and homesteads to ensure they plant trees, change people’s mindset and promote forest management. The district he said is engaging the National Forestry Authority to include district forest office in all the activities.
The Chairman said plans are underway to work with the Uganda National Roads Authority to provide seedlings to plant trees along the roads while the next two years will be dedicated as years of greening to restore the glory of Arua district.
He encouraged district technocrats to work with media to provide information to raise awareness and provide information and the media on the other hand, to package the messages in a way that change the mindset of the communities.
While closing the workshop, the Deputy Resident District Commissioner Ocen Robert underscored the importance of environment and forest in livelihood provision and in regulating the climate.
“I liked the statistics by one presenter who said a human being requires 700 kg of oxygen per year but one tree produces about 100 kg of oxygen. If one is to survive, you need to plant 7 trees and encourage every family member to plant 7 trees annually”
He proposed the need to come up with subsidies on alternative sources of energy such as electricity and solar and gas to make it more accessible and affordable to reduce stress on the forests.
He also proposed the need to discourage people using firewood – cured bricks and promote alternative building materials such as blocks from cement, the need to speak to local residents on the status and advantages of the forests such that conservation and protection begins right from the community level.He appealed to leaders to speak one language in order to succeed in implementation of the district ordinances.
Uganda’s agricultural sector is a cornerstone of its economy, with the potential to drive sustainable economic growth, reduce poverty, and promote agro-industrialization. The government has set ambitious targets, including increasing agriculture’s contribution to the GDP, ensuring food and nutrition security by 2030, and creating decent employment opportunities for women and youth, with the goal of halving poverty levels by that same year.
To support the realization of the National Agro-industrialization Agenda and Uganda’s Vision 2040, the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), with the support of the Africa Network of Agricultural Policy Research Institutes (ANAPRI) and the APEX platform, officially launched the Agricultural Policy Research Centre (APRC) on 24 February 2025. The APRC aims to strengthen evidence-based policymaking, ensuring that Uganda’s agricultural policies are grounded in solid empirical data and research. By employing analytical methods and using nationally representative data, the Centre will provide valuable insights into Uganda’s agri-food systems’ challenges and opportunities. Its goal is to contribute to the creation of sustainable, impactful agricultural policies that enhance food security, stimulate economic growth, and improve the livelihoods of Uganda’s farming communities.
Objectives of the Agricultural Policy Research Centre
The primary goal of the APRC is to promote increased use of research evidence in policy-making, ensuring that policy decisions are grounded in objective, data-driven analysis. The key objectives of the Centre include:
- Supporting the implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and impact assessment of national development plans, programmes, projects, and policies.
- Generating analytical outputs from major datasets, such as the Uganda National Household Survey and the Annual Agricultural Survey, to inform national policy.
- Building the capacity of government Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) in monitoring and evaluation, data management, and analytics.
- Strengthening collaborations between CAES and development partners to enhance sustainable agricultural policies.
- Advancing the employability of Applied Economics students through training in data analytics.
- Ensuring effective integration of research outcomes into executive decision-making processes.
Anticipated Outcomes
The launch of the APRC is expected to yield several key outcomes, including:
- Strengthened integration of research into the national policy-making process.
- Increased awareness and engagement with the Centre’s mandate by stakeholders.
- The establishment of networks among government entities, academic institutions, donors, and research partners.
- Enhanced capacity for MDAs through specialized training in data management and analytics.
- Improved employability for students and researchers in Applied Economics.
The Inaugural Launch Event
The APRC was officially launched by Uganda’s Minister of Agriculture, Animal Industry, and Fisheries (MAAIF), represented by Mr. Steven Byantwale, the Commissioner for Crop Protection, on 24th February 2025. The launch ceremony was attended by prominent scholars and practitioners from the agricultural sector, who engaged in discussions on the role of academia and think tanks in shaping national policies.
Remarks by the Minister of Agriculture, Animal Industry, and Fisheries
In his speech, the Minister of Agriculture, Animal Industry, and Fisheries (MAAIF), Hon. Frank Tumwebaze highlighted the importance of the APRC, emphasizing its role in improving agricultural policies through research, data, and stakeholder engagement. The Minister noted that past agricultural policies often lacked empirical data, leading to inefficiencies and poor implementation. “The APRC’s focus on rigorous research and collaboration with various sectors will ensure that policies are data-driven, inclusive, and sustainable,” he noted.
The Minister affirmed the government’s commitment to agricultural transformation and food security in line with Uganda’s strategic priorities. “APRC’s work will be closely aligned with the Ministry, Uganda Bureau of Statistics, and other stakeholders to enhance service delivery, promote agricultural innovation, and improve value chains.”
He urged all stakeholders to actively engage with APRC, stressing the need for knowledge-sharing and capacity-building. The Minister extended appreciation to all development partners for their support in funding research and policy development. He encouraged researchers and academics to use APRC as a platform for innovative and impactful solutions.
On behalf of the Minister of State for Animal Industry at MAAIF, Hon. Bright Rwamirama, Dr Anna Rose Ademun Okurut, the Commissioner for Animal Health, underscored the importance of connecting research with policy. “For a nation to progress, its actions must be rooted in research,” she emphasized, calling for the creation of policies that can effectively promote the adoption of research findings.
Former Minister of Agriculture, Hon. Victoria Ssekitoleko, highlighted the need for research that tackles the real challenges faced by local communities. She suggested revisions to the Bachelor of Agriculture programme to better align with the evolving demands of the industry. “It’s essential to equip individuals in Agricultural Extension and Agribusiness with skills in public speaking,” she emphasized. Additionally, Hon. Ssekitoleko called for the implementation of policies to regulate the real estate sector, which is believed to be rapidly consuming agricultural land.
Vice Chancellor’s address
In his address, the Vice Chancellor of Makerere University, represented by Prof. Robert Wamala, Director Research and Graduate Training emphasized the significance of the Agricultural Policy Research Centre (APRC) in advancing evidence-based policy for Uganda’s agricultural sector. “Today marks a significant milestone in our efforts to support evidence-based policy processes in Uganda’s agricultural sector, and as the host institution, we take immense pride in this achievement,” he said.
The Vice Chancellor noted that the APRC will bridge the gap between academic research and policy-making. “This Centre will complement existing efforts and will serve as a hub for cutting-edge policy research, drawing on the expertise of our renowned faculty, researchers, and graduate students. By working closely with government ministries, development partners, the private sector, and civil society organizations, APRC will translate research findings into actionable policies that benefit farmers, agribusinesses, and the broader economy. Additionally, APRC provides a unique learning and training platform for students and young researchers who aspire to shape the future of agricultural policy in Uganda and beyond. I specifically commend the strategic partnership with the APEX platform of the Office of the President in this initiative,” he explained.
He expressed gratitude to the Government of Uganda for recognizing the importance of the APRC by providing the necessary support for its establishment. He also acknowledged the financial and technical support of the Centre’s development partners, whose contributions are expected to leave a lasting impact on Uganda’s agricultural sector.
In a special way, the Vice Chancellor appreciated the Principal of CAES and the leadership of the Department of Agribusiness and Natural Resource Economics (DANRE) for their dedication to guiding the initiative.
Principal, CAES
Prof. Gorettie Nabanoga, the Principal of CAES, described the launch of the Agricultural Policy Research Centre (APRC) as a significant step in transforming Uganda’s agricultural sector. She explained that the Centre seeks to tackle ongoing challenges, such as low productivity, the impacts of climate change, market inefficiencies, and gaps in policy implementation. “The APRC is designed to bridge the gap between scientific research and policy-making, ensuring that agricultural policies are grounded in credible, data-driven insights,” she said. “Its main objective is to provide empirical evidence that will guide decision-making, monitor agricultural trends, and evaluate the effectiveness of existing policies. The Centre is also committed to building the capacity of future agricultural policy analysts and promoting collaboration among academia, policymakers, and industry stakeholders.”
The Principal explained that the Centre will host policy roundtables, stakeholder forums, and consultations to foster dialogue among government agencies, private sector leaders, farmer organizations, and development partners. “These platforms will drive solutions to Uganda’s agricultural challenges.”
She acknowledged the invaluable support from the Vice Chancellor of Makerere University and the Africa Network of Agricultural Policy Research Institutes (ANAPRI) in establishing the APRC. Prof. Nabanoga invited stakeholders, including researchers, private sector partners, and civil society organizations, to engage with the APRC in generating relevant research and advocating for policy reforms that will shape the future of Uganda’s agriculture.
The workshop featured a panel discussion with experts from both the government and private sectors, exploring the crucial role that academic institutions and think tanks play in shaping national policies. Additionally, the event featured presentations on Uganda’s value chains and the development of its livestock infrastructure.
The APRC is coordinated by Prof. Bernard Bashaasha under the Department of Agribusiness and Natural Resource Economics (DANRE), School of Agricultural Sciences at CAES.
Video of the launch proceedings:
Additional Photos from the event
Agriculture & Environment
Mak Unveils Key Findings on Urban Development Challenges in Kampala, Proposes Reforms for Improvement
Makerere University has released a comprehensive report detailing the key challenges affecting urban development in Kampala, one of Africa’s fastest-growing cities. With an annual population growth rate of 5.6%, Kampala faces significant pressure on its infrastructure and urban systems. The report, part of the African Cities Research Consortium (ACRC) program, aims to provide actionable insights to improve the living conditions and urban services for all residents, especially marginalized communities.
Launched by Hon. Mario Obiga Kania, the Minister of State for Urban Development, on 13th February 2025, the report explores the political, social, and infrastructural dynamics that have shaped urban development in Kampala. The analysis covers critical domains, including informal settlements, youth and capability development, land and connectivity, and health, wellbeing, and nutrition.
A Holistic Approach to Kampala’s Urban Challenges
The findings are based on extensive research by Makerere University‘s Urban Action Lab, with contributions from scholars, practitioners, and experts both local and international. The report identifies the most pressing challenges facing the city, particularly for its disadvantaged communities, and provides a framework for addressing these issues in a way that is equitable, sustainable, and inclusive. Key contributors to the research include: Dr. Paul Isolo Mukwaya, lead author and Head, Department of Geography, Geo-Informatics and Climatic Sciences at Makerere University; Ms. Judith Mbabazi, Researcher, Urban Action Lab, Makerere University; Prof. Henrik Ernstson, Honorary Senior Research Fellow, The University of Manchester, UK; Dr. Peter Kasaija, Dr. Daniel Ochieng Ologe, Dr. Ritah Nakanjako, and Dr. Kareem Buyana, Researchers, Urban Action Lab, Makerere University; Ms. Hasifa Namuli, Wakiso Town Council Planner; Dr. Gloria Seruwagi, School of Public Health, Makerere University; Dr. Nansozi K. Muwanga, and Patricia Liola Tona Katto, Julius Nyerere Leadership Centre; Dr. Henry Bazira, Ms. Maria Ssematiko, Dr. Eria Serwajja, Mr. Muhamed Lunyago, and Dr. Doreen Kobusingye.
Key Findings
- Infrastructure Deficits: The city is struggling with significant deficits in infrastructure and service provision, which are further exacerbated by rapid population growth.
- Governance Challenges: Multiple actors, including the Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) and the central government, often fail to coordinate effectively on service delivery. This lack of coordination leads to inefficiencies and contestations within city systems.
- Inequality in Service Delivery: Informal settlements are disproportionately affected by poor service delivery, including inefficient transport, inadequate electricity distribution, and insecure neighbourhoods.
- Privatization and Market-Driven Approaches: Privatization of services has led to a fragmented system, where gaps in service delivery are filled by private actors, resulting in unreliable and inaccessible services for many, particularly in informal settlements.
- Mistrust and Governance Issues: Political struggles, corruption, and ineffective governance slow down reform efforts and hinder sustained investment in key urban sectors.
- Political Elites and Informality: The influence of political and business elites operating informally impacts critical decisions on urban development, particularly regarding land, infrastructure, and public services.
- Health and Nutrition Gaps: Despite abundant food, low incomes and poor nutrition knowledge contribute to poor health outcomes. A more informed and accessible approach to nutrition is needed.
- Youth and Vulnerability: Kampala’s youth, who represent 46% of the population, are underserved by policies and face high rates of teenage pregnancies and drug abuse, perpetuating cycles of poverty.
- Land Market Exploitation: Land brokers take advantage of information gaps in the land market, complicating efforts to address housing and land tenure issues.
- Informal Settlements and Political Capital: Informal settlements in Kampala are becoming significant for economic rents and political leverage, which further complicates efforts to address urban challenges.
Proposed Reforms
The report suggests several priority reforms to improve Kampala’s urban development, including:
- Upgrading Informal Settlements: Addressing poor housing conditions and infrastructure in informal settlements.
- Proper Land Registration: Enhancing land tenure security through improved registration systems.
- Waste Management and Public Health: Implementing sustainable waste management systems and promoting healthy diets through public health campaigns.
- Youth Skills Development: Creating apprenticeship programs, vocational training, and life-skills initiatives for youth.
- Improving State Capabilities: Strengthening the capacity of local and central governments to manage urban challenges, with a focus on financing, human resource development, and forging productive partnerships with non-state actors.
- The authors stress the importance of community participation in governance and propose that economists, urban researchers, and other stakeholders provide urban policy advice without being seen as political opposition.
- Other proposed initiatives include: i) the Kawenja Plastic Waste Entrepreneurship and Innovation Hub aims to improve a slum upgrading project in Kisenyi III, focusing on flood control and livelihood enhancement. It will create a network of plastic waste collectors, conduct a situation analysis, and collaborate with Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) and other agencies. The initiative will involve procuring and installing equipment to formalize recycling efforts. ii) Improved Hygiene and Sanitation at Ggaba Market: To address hygiene and sanitation challenges faced by food vendors, the report proposes the installation of a sludge transfer tank and a three-wheeler vehicle at Ggaba Market. This intervention aims to enhance sanitation standards and create a healthier environment for both vendors and customers.
Remarks from Key Stakeholders
The meeting was attended by representatives from government and non-government organizations, as well as leaders from the Kampala Capital City Authority, who shared insights into the city’s development challenges and proposed several reforms for improvement.
Hon. Mario Obiga Kania, Minister of State for Urban Development
In his address, Hon. Mario Obiga Kania, Minister of State for Urban Development encouraged city leaders to view Kampala’s challenges as opportunities for growth. He highlighted the city’s potential to generate revenue for Uganda and emphasized the need for systemic improvements in service delivery. The Minister commended the researchers and committed to supporting the implementation of their recommendations. “Research should be viewed as a tool for solving issues, not just lamenting over them. Our leaders need to recognize Kampala as an integral part of Uganda’s governance due to its vital role in the country’s development. We must prioritize making Kampala thrive, as it is the central hub for commercial activity. City planning should accommodate and support informal trade effectively. Moving forward, we must focus on reducing youth unemployment through life-skills programs. Additionally, there is an urgent need to improve waste management, enhance financial literacy, and better regulate refugee affairs.”
The Lord Mayor of Kampala
Briefing participants on the city development challenges, the Lord Mayor, Erias Lukwago expressed concern over the growing political interference and the lack of funding for planned activities. “On several occasions, we have struggled to address issues of physical planning, yet Kampala still lacks a structural plan. The Directorate of Physical Planning at KCCA is the least funded. While Kampala boasts of the best natural environment, its built environment is among the worst. There is a pressing need to transform the city’s vast slums into the ‘Garden City of Africa’.” He expressed gratitude to ACRC for the report, noting that its findings would be crucial in guiding the implementation of reforms in the City.
Vice Chancellor’s address
In his address, the Vice Chancellor of Makerere University, represented by Prof. Edward Bbaale, Principal of the College of Business and Management Sciences, expressed appreciation to the ACRC research team for dedicating their time and resources to investigate the challenges hindering progress in the city. “As Vice Chancellor, I acknowledge the significant role our university plays in shaping the future of Kampala and Uganda. Our mission to foster innovation, research, and education must address the challenges of urban development, enabling us to create sustainable solutions for growth. A key issue is the growing demand for housing, driven by Kampala’s rapid population growth. However, the supply of affordable, quality housing has not kept up, resulting in overcrowded slums and poor living conditions. As an academic institution, we are well-placed to contribute by researching affordable building technologies, promoting sustainable urban planning, and collaborating with policymakers to ensure equitable housing for all.”
Commenting on the challenges posed by the city’s population growth, the Vice Chancellor pointed out the inadequacies in transport infrastructure and waste management. He stressed the importance of collaborating with researchers to develop alternative transportation models, smart mobility solutions, and urban planning that prioritizes walkability while reducing reliance on private cars. Additionally, he highlighted the need for further research into waste-to-energy technologies, the creation of sustainable waste management systems, and the promotion of environmentally responsible practices.
“As Kampala expands, we must also consider the preservation of its natural environment. Green spaces, parks, and urban forests are essential for the well-being of the city’s inhabitants. They provide recreational areas, improve air quality, reduce urban heat, and contribute to the overall aesthetic of the city,” he explained.
Mr. Joseph Walter Pade, the Commissioner, Urban Development at the Ministry of Lands, Housing, and Urban Development, emphasized the need to involve the entire country in addressing the challenges facing Kampala. He also highlighted the importance of changing mindsets to tackle the city’s development issues.
The Dean of the School of Forestry, Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Dr. Revocatus Twinomuhangi, commended the research team for the excellent work and called for the wider dissemination of the findings to maximize their impact.
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