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EfD Takes Research findings to Parliament: Advocates for Regulatory and Policy Framework to Support Transition to Clean Energy for Households

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A team of researchers from Makerere University Centre for Environment for Development Initiative (EfD-Mak  Center) on Friday 3rd May 2024 went to Parliament to share study findings on Uganda’s heavy reliance on fuel wood and charcoal to guide the country and, in particular Members of Parliament in their policy formulation.

Research fellows Prof. Edward Bbaale, Dr. Peter Babyenda, Dr. John Sseruyange, and Dr. Nick Kilimani undertook a study titled, “Promoting Inclusive Clean Energy Transition in Uganda: Evidence, Challenges and Policy Options”.

The team studied people’s perceptions of cooking energy systems in Uganda, through a document review and Focused Group Discussions, their level of knowledge about the possible effects of using energy systems, the challenges they face when using various energy systems, and their suggestions for promoting the use of clean energy.

Findings indicated an over-reliance on biomass across the country with charcoal being the major energy source in the low-income suburbs of Kampala. Evidence also points to the inherent fear of electricity and liquid petroleum gas, weak awareness, and poor regulatory systems to be the leading obstacles to an energy transition process.

A section of the EfD Mak team in Parliament. Makerere University Centre for Environment for Development Initiative (EfD-Mak Center) takes research findings to Parliament: Advocates for Regulatory and Policy Framework to Support Transition to Clean Energy for Households, 3rd May 2025, Parliament of Uganda, Kampala, East Africa.
A section of the EfD Mak team in Parliament.

The team, led by the Centre Director, Prof. Edward Bbaale, who is also Director of Research and Graduate Training at Makerere University interfaced with the Members of Parliament on the Committee of Environment and Natural Resources. Bbaale presented on, “Biomass Dependence and Green Transitions: Implications for Policy”.

“Parliament is a very important arm of government, responsible making laws, performing oversight role and therefore our research findings must be shared with them so that they use the information that we have generated through research for them to do their legislative function better.

Makerere is a research intensive University but at the same time, the main objective of the current strategic plan is to generate as much research as possible. But number two, is to package this research and market it and share it with the rest of the country so that it can be useful and cause a policy and behavior change”, Prof. Bbaale justified the meeting.

Sharing the issue of green transitions, especially in the area of energy transitions in different sectors, as critical, Bbaale told MPs that over 3 billion people globally depend on biomass for energy which exacerbates climate change, forest loss, water scarcity and land degradation.

Prof. Edward Bbaale (Left) flanked by Dr. Peter Babyenda (Right) in Parliament. Makerere University Centre for Environment for Development Initiative (EfD-Mak Center) takes research findings to Parliament: Advocates for Regulatory and Policy Framework to Support Transition to Clean Energy for Households, 3rd May 2025, Parliament of Uganda, Kampala, East Africa.
Prof. Edward Bbaale (Left) flanked by Dr. Peter Babyenda (Right) in Parliament.

With a projection of the rise in the Global population from 8.1 to 9.8 billion by 2050, Bbaale decried that more than 700 million people survive on less than $2.15 daily which leads to increased reliance on biomass.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, the professor said over 900 million people use biomass for cooking while Uganda has high reliance on biomass with 85% of the households using firewood, 13% using charcoal .

Charcoal burning and firewood collection according to Bbaale is partly responsible for Uganda’s rapid declining forests cover. Uganda’s Forest cover dropped from 20.4% in 1990 to 9% in 2015, driven by energy needs. Currently forest cover stands at 13.3%. Other factors like logging, farming and development also contribute to forest loss.

Bbaale also informed parliamentarians that heavy dependence on biomass energy poses health risks particularly to women and children. Household Air Pollution, according to Bbaale affects over 20 million Ugandans, causing 13,000 deaths annually, with women and children bearing the brunt.

Prof. Edward Bbaale (Left) presenting in Parliament flanked by members from EfD Mak centre. Makerere University Centre for Environment for Development Initiative (EfD-Mak Center) takes research findings to Parliament: Advocates for Regulatory and Policy Framework to Support Transition to Clean Energy for Households, 3rd May 2025, Parliament of Uganda, Kampala, East Africa.
Prof. Edward Bbaale (Left) presenting in Parliament flanked by members from EfD Mak centre.

“…firewood and charcoal are dirty sources of energy. Respiratory diseases, eye diseases, and others can be attributed to the household air pollution, but as a result of cooking, we also contribute to the bigger greenhouse gas emissions, then we see climate change manifest in extreme weather conditions like prolonged drought spells, floods and very heavy rainfall beyond the normal, and this has far-reaching effects on our economy and environment”, He explained.

Bbaale informed the committee about the social economic implications of high dependence on biomass. He said, wood fuel collection distresses child schooling in rural areas as children lose time collecting wood fuel, affecting their education.

Economically, Bbaale told Members of Parliament that dependence on biomass as an energy source impedes on female labor force participation. Ugandan rural  women Bbaale reported spend 9.1 hours per week on fuelwood collection, compared to 2.5 hours for men, hence reduces womens’ time for employment and education and this perpetuates gender inequalities in the labor market

In addition to increasing Green House Gas emissions, Bbaale explained that heavy reliance on Biomass increases Uganda’s vulnerability to climate shocks. Uganda is highly vulnerable to climate shocks and ranks 13th position out of 192 countries in terms of vulnerability with low capacity to deal with climate change effects ̶ 160th/192.

EfD's Gyaviira Ssewankambo, Dr. Peter Babyenda , Prof. Edward Bbaale and Dr. Emmanual Otala interact after the meeting. Makerere University Centre for Environment for Development Initiative (EfD-Mak Center) takes research findings to Parliament: Advocates for Regulatory and Policy Framework to Support Transition to Clean Energy for Households, 3rd May 2025, Parliament of Uganda, Kampala, East Africa.
EfD’s Gyaviira Ssewankambo, Dr. Peter Babyenda , Prof. Edward Bbaale and Dr. Emmanual Otala interact after the meeting.

Green Transitions

The Director proposed an economy free from fossil fuels, sustainable consumption of natural resources, less biomass energy dependence and low-carbon solutions as stipulated in Uganda’s Vision 2040 and NDP III and the Nationally Determined Contributions – a climate action plan to cut emissions and adapt to climate impacts.

Within Energy, Bbaale expressed the need to increase the use of renewable energy, improve efficiency of biomass production and use, encourage industrial fuel switching, increased energy access for households and promote cleaner cooking technologies.

Noting that Uganda’s Gross National Income per capita is $930 and close to World Bank’s Lower Middle-Income Status ($1,086), Bbaale said the energy ladder indicates a delayed transition towards clean energy.

With 85%  households relying  on firewood, 13% depending  on charcoal and only 2% using clean energy sources like gas or electricity, Bbaale attributed the delayed transition to challenges mainly  availability, affordability, reliability, efficiency, and cultural considerations.

In terms of availability, the Professor told the committee that about half of Uganda’s population has access to any form of electricity largely due to the rural electrification program with a number of households not connected to the grid due to high costs and selective distribution of electricity lines.

Bbaale also reported that whereas the National LPG Supply Infrastructure Development and Promotion targets improving the LPG supply, storage and demand the main gaps include high initial costs, limited refilling centers especially in rural areas, high refilling costs and counterfeits.

In terms of reliability, Parliamentarians heard that only 24% of Ugandans have access to more than 4 hours of electricity per day with inadequate voltage in some areas and limited LPG refill centers.

Dr. Peter Babyenda, Hon Apollo Yeri and Prof. Edward Bbaale having a light moment after the meeting. Makerere University Centre for Environment for Development Initiative (EfD-Mak Center) takes research findings to Parliament: Advocates for Regulatory and Policy Framework to Support Transition to Clean Energy for Households, 3rd May 2025, Parliament of Uganda, Kampala, East Africa.
Dr. Peter Babyenda, Hon Apollo Yeri and Prof. Edward Bbaale having a light moment after the meeting.

Policy recommendations

Prof. Bbaale tabled recommendations on infrastructure development, financial incentives, sensitisation and awareness raising, capacity building and technical assistance as well as regulatory and policy framework.

On infrastructure development, Bbaale implored government to invest in expanding electricity grids to reach remote rural areas, establish even distribution LPG refilling centers, develop energy storage infrastructure for reliable power supply from renewable sources and, address rural electrification challenges such as connection costs and distribution issues.

Speaking on financial incentives, the professor asked government to provide subsidies and grants to reduce initial and refilling costs, offer low-interest loans for affordable clean energy technologies, implement tax incentives to encourage clean energy investments especially by the private sector and also provide flexible payment plans or pay-as-you-go schemes for clean energy systems to improve accessibility for financially constrained rural populations.

“We must go green and if we must green our economy, a very big part of it is energy transitions.  And the question is, what are the alternative sources that are cleaner? It is electricity, it is LPG. And then will the households afford?

“And as a result we are saying, legislators play an oversight function, they come up with the rules and regulations that govern our country. What can be done, for example, to make clean energy sources affordable? Let Members of Parliament think about some financial incentives, maybe some very cheap loans, advocate for subsidies from government, can be to increase their availability by encouraging the private sector by reducing taxes that overburden them to do business” Bbaale explained.

A section of the EfD team in a group photo at Parliament. Makerere University Centre for Environment for Development Initiative (EfD-Mak Center) takes research findings to Parliament: Advocates for Regulatory and Policy Framework to Support Transition to Clean Energy for Households, 3rd May 2025, Parliament of Uganda, Kampala, East Africa.
A section of the EfD team in a group photo at Parliament.

He also recommended sensitization of the public to raise awareness about subsidies (cooking tariff for electricity in Uganda) and clean energy alternatives, like Tanzania’s national cooking conference and to encourage mindset change towards LPG and biogas, led by Parliamentarians.

“For people that use electricity for cooking, very few households, including those that are around Kampala, know about electricity subsidy. And the Minister of Energy is of the view that electricity is the cheapest source of power these days. Even households that are well-educated, are not aware of what government has done in promoting the clean cooking”

“And being opinion leaders from their different constituencies, Members of Parliament can also act as champions of mindset change wherever they are. Maybe they can be in their constituency, act as a center to demonstrate some of the clean energy sources. How is it working? How is it possible?” Bbaale said.

Government according to Bbaale should offer training programs to rural communities on clean energy technologies and maintenance, provide technical support for installing and maintaining clean energy systems and facilitate knowledge-sharing platforms for rural communities to learn from successful projects.

Bbaale also proposed regulatory and policy frameworks in regard to standardization. He stressed the need for a law and policy in regard to prices and standards with Uganda National Bureau of Standards to rule out counterfeits.

Parliament pledges to support policies on clean energy transition and engage line ministries to collaborate with EfD as a research arm

The Chairperson Parliamentary Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, Dr. Emmanuel Otala who is also Member of Parliament for West Budama South Constituency, Tororo District commended the university dons for sharing the research findings to guide policy formulation.

“And I must say that they are spot on in that their research findings are pointing the country to protection of our environment. And as they concluded by saying that yes, God always forgives, human beings sometimes forgive, but nature will never forgive if we do something. I think that was a fundamental statement, really,” Dr. Otala recalled.

Citing recent and occurring disasters that have ravaged the country due unsustainable use of the environment, Dr. Otala emphasized the need to balance development with environmental conservation.

“Most of our people still use firewood, biomass for cooking. And this is not the right way to go. We must look at renewable sources of energy and how to conserve our forests and that is how they bring in the issue of Liquefied Petroleum Gas.

Unfortunately, government already made an attempt, but at a very small scale. And so, we need to scale up this project of substituting the use of biomass for cooking with the Liquefied Petroleum Gas and even use biogas from homes.” Dr. Otala noted.

Hon. Dr. Emmanuel Otala, Chair Committee of Environment and Natural Resources during the meeting. Makerere University Centre for Environment for Development Initiative (EfD-Mak Center) takes research findings to Parliament: Advocates for Regulatory and Policy Framework to Support Transition to Clean Energy for Households, 3rd May 2025, Parliament of Uganda, Kampala, East Africa.
Hon. Dr. Emmanuel Otala, Chair Committee of Environment and Natural Resources during the meeting.

Otala pledged total commitment to working with the EfD-Mak center and line ministries to support policies to a green transition.

“What the EfD is doing is in keeping with the current global initiative of trying to address climate change, of conserving the environment, and the turning away from the use of fossil fuels to use of renewable energy for cooking. And we think that as policy makers, most of the policies they recommended are very good and we are going to take them up”.  He said.

Dr. Otala also pledged to share the research findings with the Minister of Water and Environment and his team, discuss the proposed policies and interventions and interest the ministry to utilize EfD as a research arm.

“The use of evidence-based policy is critical, and I can’t explain it more. So we shall definitely bring it to the attention of the Minister that in Makerere there is this initiative.

…we shall definitely help you to highlight  the need for collaboration in terms of research, but also translating research findings into actual activities on the ground for the benefit of our people based on research”. Otala affirmed.

Members of Parliament speak out

Shadow Minister for Environment and Energy who is also Woman Member of Parliament representing Kiboga District, Christine Kaaya Nakimwero requested the EfD Researchers to research on the census tools and fossil fuels that the country is looking up to.

“One, we have not looked at the census tools for the census that is going to begin on 10th May this month, we would request you to look at the tool urgently and see if ownership of energy tools in households, for us to know what households really use.” Kaaya submitted

Kaaya also requested researchers to appreciate that Uganda is set to make money from fossil fuels and to research into emissions resulting from different energy sources and initiatives like afforestation.

Hon. Christine Kaaya Nakimwero contributes during the meeting. Makerere University Centre for Environment for Development Initiative (EfD-Mak Center) takes research findings to Parliament: Advocates for Regulatory and Policy Framework to Support Transition to Clean Energy for Households, 3rd May 2025, Parliament of Uganda, Kampala, East Africa.
Hon. Christine Kaaya Nakimwero contributes during the meeting.

“How much emissions come from production of one liter of fossil fuel? And what do we need to do to offset emission from one liter of fossil fuel? That is the exact message we’re supposed to share with our people. People need to know, if I plant five trees, does it help?” She pondered.

Kaaya also decried the issue of counterfeits in the energy sector calling on the committee members to discuss more on how the Uganda National Bureau of Standards can be supported to check counterfeits. She observed that affordability and culture are some of the factors hindering the adoption of clean cooking energy.

“There is a gender aspect in making people run away from use of biomass. I’m supposed to cook. Without food, there is no marriage. So, when we are phasing out biomass, we must have that at the back of the mind.  I’m in Kampala, you have refused people to bring charcoal. I’m here in Kampala, I’m married, I’m supposed to cook, I don’t have LPG, I cannot afford electricity.

“And how long are we going to wait to resolve this matter? You cannot just stop charcoal vehicles in Kiboga, please don’t proceed to Kampala. How do you expect us to make our husbands eat and the entire family? If you cannot answer that, then let’s go slow. We need to advise the President very appropriately.” Kaaya said.

Recently, the President of Uganda banned the commercial making, transportation and selling of charcoal to safeguard the environment.

Hon. Orone Derrick (Left) and the Clerk to Parliament. Makerere University Centre for Environment for Development Initiative (EfD-Mak Center) takes research findings to Parliament: Advocates for Regulatory and Policy Framework to Support Transition to Clean Energy for Households, 3rd May 2025, Parliament of Uganda, Kampala, East Africa.
Hon. Orone Derrick (Left) and the Clerk to Parliament.

The other cultural barrier to adoption of clean cooking energy according to Kaaya is the method of food preparation. In Buganda and other cultures that eat bananas, one is not a wife if she cannot prepare bananas, squeeze and leave them on fire in banana leaves for long hours until it is soft before serving.

“It is that cultural practice which is becoming very difficult. The electric cooker cannot accommodate banana leaves. After squeezing bananas, you are supposed to leave it on fire. It becomes very soft, such that even somebody who will come at midnight, finds it soft and hot. That is what we are battling with in our cultural settings. With this new gadget, you can’t have it. And then, in other words, you are not a good wife.” The MP said.

Hon. Orone Derrick Member of Parliament from Gogonyo county encouraged researchers to put more effort on the media awareness to the public.

“We as policy makers, we shall really support you but put more awareness of the media to the public that’s the only encouragement. I want to thank the chair for organizing these researchers to come and tell us, educate us, sensitizing us about the clean energy”. Orone said.

Hon. Apollo Yeri contributing during the discussion. Makerere University Centre for Environment for Development Initiative (EfD-Mak Center) takes research findings to Parliament: Advocates for Regulatory and Policy Framework to Support Transition to Clean Energy for Households, 3rd May 2025, Parliament of Uganda, Kampala, East Africa.
Hon. Apollo Yeri contributing during the discussion.

Hon. Apollo Yeri of Tororo Municipality implored the university to look into cheaper clean energy technologies like the use of biogas from animal and human waste.

“There are some people who have started to manufacture biogas themselves locally using cow dung and pit latrine. It is a bit cheap to produce. So if you encourage them to manufacture their own biogas, and maybe teach them how to store – because they don’t store anything, just use and sometimes they overuse. If they can store, they can even sell excess and more people would be encouraged”, Yeri suggested

Hon. Clare Mugumya (Center) speaking during the meeting. Makerere University Centre for Environment for Development Initiative (EfD-Mak Center) takes research findings to Parliament: Advocates for Regulatory and Policy Framework to Support Transition to Clean Energy for Households, 3rd May 2025, Parliament of Uganda, Kampala, East Africa.
Hon. Clare Mugumya (Center) speaking during the meeting.

Hon. Clare Mugumya, the District Woman Representative of Isingiro was hopeful that Uganda’s oil wells from Kirenga would provide cheap gas for the population. She noted that other clean energy sources and gadgets are costly for ordinary Ugandans.

“Otherwise, behavior change alone will not be possible, even if we sensitize, unless the issue of affordability is seriously addressed by government”. she said.

Jane Anyango is the Communication Officer EfD Uganda

Jane Anyango

Business & Management

Driving Sustainable Growth: Eco-Efficiency and Cleaner Production are vital in shaping the future of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

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A cross-section of participants pose for a group photo after the project dissemination workshop held at Makerere University. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

By Ritah Namisango and Christopher Kaahwa

On Wednesday, 15th April 2026, the School of Business under the College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS) at Makerere University hosted a project dissemination workshop that brought together researchers, practitioners, policymakers and faculty members.

The workshop focused on the presentation of findings and policy recommendations from the research project titled: Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda.

Opening the workshop, Associate Professor Godfrey Akileng, the Dean, School of Business represented by Dr. Anthony Tibaingana, the Head, Department of Marketing and Management welcomed participants and highlighted the role of research in connecting Makerere University to the wider community.

He noted that MSMEs form the backbone of Uganda’s economy making up the largest share of businesses across sectors and because of this, any meaningful research must speak directly to their realities.

Dr. Anthony Tibaingana delivers opening remarks at the workshop. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Anthony Tibaingana delivers opening remarks at the workshop.

The Dean of the School of Business commended the project team namely Dr. Marion Nanyanzi, Dr. Kasim Sendawula, and Associate Professor Peter K. Turyakira, for positively contributing to the university’s goal of being a research-led institution.

He explained that Eco-Efficiency (EE) is about using available resources wisely not just for today, but for tomorrow and generations to come. “In a country where most businesses operate on a small scale, understanding how to produce more with less is essential,” he said.

Dr. Tibaingana acknowledged the government of Uganda through the Makerere University Research and Innovation Fund (MakRIF) for funding the research project titled, Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda. He recognized Professor Fred Masagazi Masaazi, Chairperson of the Mak RIF Grants Management Committee (GMC) and thanked him, for gracing the dissemination workshop with his personal presence.

Achieving sustainable growth through eco-efficiency and cleaner production

The main presentation led by Dr. Marion Nanyanzi, the Principal Investigator (P.I.) unpacked the research project in a detailed and practical way. At its core, the study explored how MSMEs, particularly in the Food and Beverage (F&B) Service sector in Uganda can achieve sustainable growth by balancing three key areas: economic performance, environmental responsibility and social contribution.

From a social perspective, Dr. Nanyanzi stated that businesses were found to be playing an important role in creating jobs, supporting local suppliers, and contributing to community activities. She added that the study was also focused on reducing environmental harmful practices such as reliance on charcoal and firewood and adopting cleaner energy sources that would economically yield increased profits for enterprises.

Dr. Marion Nanyanzi, the Principal Investigator (P.I.) presents the project findings during the workshop. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Marion Nanyanzi, the Principal Investigator (P.I.) presents the project findings during the workshop.

The study revealed that while these enterprises significantly contribute to employment and government revenue, they face serious constraints pointing out that high operational costs especially electricity remain a major challenge. “ So, many businesses are forced to turn to cheaper alternatives that are harmful to both health and environment creating a difficult balance between survival and sustainability,” she said.

Amidst these challenges, the study highlighted the resilience and creativity of entrepreneurs. It was found out that many business owners have developed coping strategies to remain operational with some of them adjusting production depending on customer flow especially in areas such as Kampala where demand fluctuates with academic calendars. Dr. Nanyanzi noted that other entrepreneurs have found ways to manage resources more carefully for instance through switching on refrigerators at night when electricity tariffs are lower or re-using water to reduce costs.

Makerere University Guest House highlights its cleaner production strategy

Adding a practical perspective to the study, Mr. Patrick Ojiambo Lwande, the manager of Makerere University Guest House shared how cleaner production is being implemented by the facility in its everyday operations. He mentioned that the facility undertakes waste segregation, recycling and proper waste management as key practices. “Organic waste is separated and repurposed, recyclable materials are re-used and hazardous waste is carefully handled to avoid environmental pollution,” he stated.

Mr. Patrick Ojiambo Lwande, Manager of Makerere University Guest House, shares highlights on its cleaner production strategy. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Mr. Patrick Ojiambo Lwande, Manager of Makerere University Guest House, shares highlights on its cleaner production strategy.

Appreciation of eco-efficiency and cleaner production measures

These practices reflect an emerging understanding of eco-efficiency by business owners who are beginning to recognize that reducing waste and conserving resources can directly improve their production line.

The study also found out that many enterprises are making efforts towards cleaner production. Hygiene standards are being improved, waste is better managed and emissions are controlled through simple measures such as chimneys and ventilation system. In some cases, food waste is used as animal feed while other organic materials are re-used in farming. However, the progress to transition towards more sustainable practices is slowed down by various obstacles including limited financial capacity, lack of technical skills and low awareness among business owners.

Key recommendations

To address these gaps, the project team proposed the following practical recommendations:

  • Increasing access to affordable financing by government and financial institutions through introducing subsidies, grants, or low-interest green financing schemes to support investment in cleaner production technologies,
  • Promoting  public-private partnerships to lower the cost of eco-efficient equipment and infrastructure,
  • Undertaking capacity building and training programmes, awareness and sensitization campaigns,
  • Strengthening institutional and regulatory frameworks, research and innovation support,
  • Providing support for small and informal businesses by designing tailored interventions for micro and small enterprises, and
  • Encouraging business clustering and cooperative models to enable shared access to eco-efficient technologies and resources.

MakRIF supports research that addresses national priorities

Professor Fred Masagazi Masaazi, Chairperson of Mak-RIF Grants Management Committee (GMC) emphasized the importance of research that addresses national priorities, noting that government support for research is meant to generate practical solutions.

Professor Fred Masagazi Masaazi, Chairperson of Mak-RIF Grants Management Committee (GMC) addresses participants. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Professor Fred Masagazi Masaazi, Chairperson of Mak-RIF Grants Management Committee (GMC) addresses participants.

Professor Masagazi Masaazi highlighted the critical role of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda’s economy, describing the research presented as both timely and relevant. “This is exactly the kind of research Uganda needs — research that directly impacts society and supports economic transformation,” he said.

He encouraged researchers to explore collaborations across disciplines. “Bringing together expertise from different fields can lead to stronger and more impact-oriented solutions that respond to the country’s development needs,” he added. He also called for greater engagement with policymakers and industry players during dissemination.

Research and Industry pathways

The Dean, School of Business, Associate Professor Godfrey Akileng urged researchers, faculty and participants at the dissemination workshop to rethink how research translates into real economic value, emphasizing stronger research to industry pathways at Makerere University and beyond.

Associate Professor Godfrey Akileng, the Dean, School of Business. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Associate Professor Godfrey Akileng, the Dean, School of Business.

Promoting environmental compliance

Mr. Peter Ssekajja, Senior Environmental Officer (Cleaner Production), National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) informed participants about the ongoing efforts to promote environmental compliance, referencing the establishment of a Compliance Assistance Unit and the introduction of the National Environment Sustainability Awards as some of the supporting measures.

He stated that these initiatives aim to support businesses in adopting sustainable practices while recognizing those that are leading the way. “Environment is no longer just about enforcement, but also about guidance, innovation and collaboration,” he emphasized.

Mr. Peter Ssekajja, Senior Environmental Officer (Cleaner Production) from NEMA delivers his remarks during the workshop. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Mr. Peter Ssekajja, Senior Environmental Officer (Cleaner Production) from NEMA delivers his remarks during the workshop.

Mr. Ssekajja reflected on the changing nature of environmental challenges as populations grow and resources becoming more strained. He appealed for efficient and responsible use of resources by business owners. He implored the business owners to consider sustainability not as a burden, but as an opportunity.

Participants enlightened on eco-efficiency and cleaner production

Dr. Jude Mugarura, the Head, Department of Marketing and Management, appreciated the dissemination workshop which presented them with an opportunity to listen to both the research project team and two practitioners namely Makerere University Guest House, and the National Management Environment Authority (NEMA). “We are therefore able to bridge the academia and the field of practice,” said Dr. Mugarura.

Dr. Jude Mugarura, the Head, Department of Marketing and Management at CoBAMS. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Jude Mugarura, the Head, Department of Marketing and Management at CoBAMS.

Dr. Seperia Bwadene Wanyama, from the School of Business, thanked Mr. Peter Ssekajja from NEMA for his presentation on cleaner production and eco-efficiency, which demonstrated to the participants some of the day-to-day wasteful practices with respect to resources, that they were engaged in, without knowing the implications. A key highlight focused on the usage of water in toilets which indicates the button to press after a short call, and the one to press after a long call, which would greatly save water consumption. “Learning is a continuous process. I have learned from the presentations of the findings by the research project team, as well as, Mr. Peter Ssekajja, who provided an informative presentation on real life practices on eco-efficiency and cleaner production.”

Conclusion: Toward a Clean and Resilient Economy

The workshop concluded with a strong call for collective action to support MSMEs in adopting eco-efficient practices. With the right support, small businesses can become engines of sustainable development.  “This study provides practical insights that, if implemented, can transform MSMEs into drivers of sustainable development,” Dr. Sendawula emphasized.

Some of the participants in the project dissemination workshop. Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda Project dissemination workshop by School of Business, College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS), 15th April 2026, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Some of the participants in the project dissemination workshop.

Overall, the research outlines a clear pathway toward a greener, more resilient Ugandan economy—where MSMEs thrive while contributing to environmental sustainability and social well-being.

Ritah Namisango
Ritah Namisango

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Academia Urged to Probe Donor Behaviour as Aid Cuts Threaten Service Delivery

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Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

Academics, researchers and students at Makerere University have been urged to deepen research into whether international donors cooperate or compete in the provision of aid, amid growing concerns that shifts by major funders could significantly affect service delivery in developing countries.

The call was made during a public lecture delivered on April 16, 2026, by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” The lecture, part of the Environment for Development Initiative seminar series, attracted faculty, researchers and students .

A section of participants attending the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
A section of participants attending the seminar.

Ferriere, an Associate  Professor at Sciences Po Aix affiliated with the Aix-Marseille School of Economics, is in Uganda for a two-week research engagement involving consultations with government institutions including the Ministries of Finance and Health as well as local governments.

Study Donor Reactions to Aid Withdrawals

Ferriere said her research focuses on how donors respond when a major funder withdraws support particularly in sensitive sectors such as family planning.

“My research here is about the interaction between family planning providers’ aid. I look at how the withdrawal of US aid in given years affects the spending of other donors,” she explained.

She noted that her findings show a delayed but concerning pattern.

Nathalie Ferriere explaining the study findings. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Nathalie Ferriere explaining the study findings.

“Once the US stops giving family planning aid, other donors at the beginning do not react for one or two years but after, they also start to reduce funding,” she said.

Ferriere warned that such trends could have direct implications for countries like Uganda, where a significant portion of health services relies on foreign aid.

Dr. Wakida during the question and answer session. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Wakida during the question and answer session.

“If you have a decrease in this aid, you will have a decrease in family planning provision,” she said adding that governments must anticipate such shifts.

“If you want to keep the same level of services, the government should increase its own expenditure. My next research will be to understand how governments respond in such situations,” she added.

Nathalie Ferriere responding to questions. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Nathalie Ferriere responding to questions.

Lecture Opens New Research Frontiers

College Principal and EfD centre Director  Edward Bbaale described the lecture as timely and aligned with the university’s strategic direction to strengthen research and international collaboration.

“The topic speaks a lot to me because it opens up research frontiers. What should we really take on as researchers? How else can we look at cooperation or competition in terms of aid?” Bbaale said.

Prof. Edward Bbaale making his welcome and opening remarks. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Edward Bbaale making his welcome and opening remarks.

He commended Ferriere for partnering with Makerere researchers on aid-related studies, noting that such collaborations are critical for building a research-driven institution.

“We are excited that of all universities in Africa, you chose to work with researchers from Makerere University,” he said.

Some of the attendees. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Some of the attendees.

Bbaale emphasized that the university is positioning itself as a research-led institution, with internationalization and partnerships at its core.

“A research university is not only about teaching. It is about meetings like this to exchange ideas, to understand where we are and where we are going,” he added.

Donor Behaviour Key to Development Outcomes

Lecturer John Bosco Oryema said the lecture underscored the importance of understanding donor dynamics for countries dependent on external funding.

Dr. John Bosco Oryema reacts to the study findings. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. John Bosco Oryema reacts to the study findings.

“When a big donor behaves in a specific way, other donors will follow in the same way,” Oryema noted.

“For developing countries that depend on aid, we need to study the behaviour of our donors. When one reduces, others may also reduce, and our development interventions may fail,” he warned.

Alice Nalweera during the discussion session. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Alice Nalweera during the discussion session.

Researcher Alice Nalwera highlighted the tendency of donors to align their decisions based on actions taken by leading funders.

“Most donors tend to cooperate and follow what others are doing. There is an aspect of information sharing,” she said.

Female students interact during the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Female students interact during the seminar.

“What the US is doing will greatly influence what other donors do in terms of disbursement,” she added..

Evelyn Nizame, a third-year economics student said cooperation among donors is essential.

Some of the students attending the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Some of the students attending the seminar.

“It is very important for donors to cooperate on key projects to deliver quality services to the people,” she said.

Another student, Nabakoza Joan, emphasized the risks of fragmented aid.  “When there is a lot of competition, there is fragmentation of funds. But if donors cooperate under one policy, it leads to better outcomes for developing countries,” she explained.

Participants in a group photo with the visiting professor after the seminar. Environment for Development (EfD) Initiative Seminar Series, Public Lecture by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Participants in a group photo with the visiting professor after the seminar.

Jane Anyango

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EfD Uganda sends off internee Ruth Asiimwe to African Development Bank, prides in strong mentorship

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Ruth Asiimwe (in Red dress) cuts the cake in honor of her departure on 16th April 2026. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

Environment for Development (EfD) Centre at Makerere University on 16th April 2026  bid farewell to its third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who has secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, with staff and alumni hailing the programme’s growing record of nurturing top talent.

Asiimwe’s departure adds to a list of successful transitions by EfD interns into key national and international institutions. The centre’s first intern, Alice Nalweera, joined the Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC) before becoming an assistant lecturer at Makerere University’s School of Economics, while the second, Lean Ankunda, was recruited by the Bank of Uganda.

Speaking at the farewell, Policy Engagement Specialist Peter Babyenda said Asiimwe’s achievement reflects the strength of EfD’s mentorship model.

Dr. Peter Babyenda speaking during the function. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Peter Babyenda speaking during the function.

“In the same way we bid farewell to Alice and Lean as they moved on to EPRC and Bank of Uganda respectively, today we are here again because of the mentorship we are providing,” Babyenda said. “Ruth is now joining the African Development Bank in Juba, and we are proud of her.”

Babyenda also credited the EfD leadership and partners, noting that the Sida-funded centre, established in 2019, has consistently invested in building research capacity among young scholars.

Centre core staff in a photo moment with outgoing intern Ruth Asiimwe (3rd Left). Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Centre core staff in a photo moment with outgoing intern Ruth Asiimwe (3rd Left).

“We started this mentorship programme to help students learn from what we are doing and become researchers. Wherever you go, please represent us well,” he added.

“A nursery bed for young professionals”

The Director of the EfD Makerere Centre, Prof. Edward Bbaale, described the centre as a “nursery bed” for young professionals, emphasizing its role in shaping future leaders.

“EfD is a place where we nurture seedlings and later transplant them into the main garden. Ruth has been very diligent and professional, and I have no doubt she will represent us well,” Bbaale said.

Prof. Edward Bbaale appreciating Ms. Ruth Asiimwe as visiting Prof. Nathalie and colleague listen. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Prof. Edward Bbaale appreciating Ms. Ruth Asiimwe as visiting Prof. Nathalie and colleague listen.

He added that Asiimwe’s move extends the centre’s influence beyond Uganda. “She is not leaving the EfD network; rather, our footprint is expanding to the African Development Bank and to another country. This makes collaboration easier and strengthens our presence.”

Centre Manager and Supervisor Gyaviira Ssewankambo said the internship programme was introduced to strengthen internal capacity and has since evolved into a critical talent pipeline.

Asiimwe Ruth, Center Manger Gyaviira Ssewankambo and Kevin Apolot in a group photo. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Asiimwe Ruth, Center Manger Gyaviira Ssewankambo and Kevin Apolot in a group photo.

“Ruth has made us proud. She set a high benchmark, and we expect those coming in to build on that,” Ssewankambo said.

Research Fellow Dr. Nicholas Kilimani highlighted the importance of targeted mentorship and talent identification in building a strong team.

Dr. Nicholas Kilimani praising Asiimwe for discipline. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Dr. Nicholas Kilimani praising Asiimwe for discipline.

“We are dealing with highly specialised talent. The approach of identifying and nurturing dedicated young professionals has paid off, and Ruth is a clear example,” he said.

Staff members also praised Asiimwe’s character, describing her as humble, disciplined, and professional. Data Manager Fred Kasalirwe noted that beyond academic excellence, her soft skills set her apart.

Data Manager Fred Kasalirwe praising Asiimwe for humility and respect. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Data Manager Fred Kasalirwe praising Asiimwe for humility and respect.

“You may be academically strong, but without soft skills it is difficult to thrive. Ruth is extremely humble and will blend well in any environment,” he said.

Administrative Officer Hilda Makune echoed similar sentiments, saying Asiimwe’s positive attitude and interpersonal skills made her stand out.

Ms. Hilda Makune (Standing) appreciating Asiimwe for the social skills. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Ms. Hilda Makune (Standing) appreciating Asiimwe for the social skills.

“We will miss her. Her humility and teamwork have been exceptional, and we are confident she will represent us well,” Makune said.

Alice Nalwera, the pioneer intern, urged Asiimwe to uphold the centre’s reputation and inspire others.

Alice Nalweera was the first intern and set the pace. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Alice Nalweera was the first intern and set the pace.

“Wherever we go, we carry EfD with us. Talk good about the centre and inspire other young women to follow this path,” Nalwera said.

In her remarks, Asiimwe credited EfD for shaping her professional journey, emphasizing the importance of a supportive work environment.

Ms. Ruth Asimwe during the send off. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Ms. Ruth Asimwe during the send off.

“I have learned that working in a good environment with supportive leadership motivates you to do better. EfD has given me that foundation,” she said.

She also thanked her supervisors and colleagues for mentorship and guidance, noting that the experience had prepared her for the demands of her new role.

Asiimwe hands over to Kevin Apolot. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Asiimwe hands over to Kevin Apolot.

Asiimwe’s departure coincided with the introduction of a new intern, Kevin Apolot, who takes over as the centre continues its mentorship programme aimed at producing the next generation of researchers and policy professionals.

Incoming intern Kevin Apolot bidding farewell to her predecessor. Environment for Development (EfD) Centre bids farewell to third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, 16th April 2026, Yusuf Lule Central Teaching Facility, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.
Incoming intern Kevin Apolot bidding farewell to her predecessor.

Jane Anyango

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