Education
Resurrecting forgotten history: African Slave trade & modern-day slavery
The Centre for Teaching and Learning Support, CEES in collaboration with the University College London, UK organized an Educational webinar entitled: Omissions in Sloane’s Jamaican collections: African slave trade and modern slavery building shared futures. The webinar held on 28th July, 2023 saw over 40 participants; lecturers, students from Makerere University and other Public and Private universities engaging in debates on addressing contemporary challenges as such Modern Slavery.
The Educational webinar was spearheaded by Dr. Dorothy Sebbowa and panelists; Dr. Mary Kakeeto and Dr. Zaid Sekitto all from Makerere University.
Dr. Dorothy Kyagaba Ssebowa who is a Sloane Lab Community Fellow began the webinar with a citation from William Wordsworth who once said: ‘Let us learn from the past to profit by the present, to live better in the future.’
Dr. Kyagaba noted that, Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753) was a significant historical figure of the 18th Century who collected artifacts (flora& fauna) from Jamaica on the enslaved Africans during the Transatlantic Slave trade. Upon his death in 1753, Sloane bequeathed his collections which laid the foundations for the establishment of the world’s first free national and public museum, the British Museum. That is why his role as a pioneer cataloguist is remembered in museum, archival research and history education scholarship. Dr. Kyagaba argued that, although Sloane frequently included information about how locals such African Slaves used objects, herbal medicine, cultural and life experiences, this information is not only filtered and interpreted through Western lenses, but it is often viewed and dismissed as misinformation substantiating superstitious practices. Additionally, the history of slavery and the experience of enslaved people in museum, archival and history education scholarship has been largely un-investigated with notable gaps and omissions as reflected in the Specialist Guide to the Sloane Jamaican Database. Using Sloane’s guide as a key unit of analysis, the project examined the historicity and methodologies through the lens of Sloane’s involvement in the local of Jamaica the African Slave trade and enslavement (previously ignored or marginalized histories).
Okra and Kola Nut
To this end, two objects identified from Sloane’s Herbaruim: Okra and Kola all from the West African origin. The rationale for obtaining the two plants/objects were transported by the enslaved Africans from Africa to America as during the Transatlantic Slave trade. They are catalogued as Sloane’s Herbaruim collections 1687-89 (Natural History Museum, London). Okra particularly bears a West African name ‘ Okuru’. Okra is rich in vitamins B, C and it a source of lubrication among women.
Kola (Cola ntilida) from West African origin also bears an indigenous name ‘Bichy’. During the Transatlantic slave trade, it was used as a herb and medicine for taking away poison. It is currently useful in different parts of Africa as a medicine, trading commodity and the nuts help the body to get rid of excess water. These plants attach significance to African plant knowledge transfer and medicines. Such local medicines have since been useful in managing COVID 19. Accordingly, Historical hermeneutics emphasizes the conversation, relevance between the past, present and anticipated future
Dr. Kyagaba in her study of Sloane’s works found that Sloane does not recognize that plants such as Kola Nut and Okra were brought into Jamaica by slaves from West Africa during the Transatlantic Slave trade.
She contends that “although Sloane frequently included information about how locals such as African slaves used objects, herbal medicine, cultural life, and experiences, this information is filtered and interpreted through the Western lens. It is also often dismissed as misinformation substantiating superstitious practices.”
Okra, as she discovered originated from west Africa and was called Okuru. It is to this day still being eaten as a soup in west Africa. Okra is rich in vitamins A and C, as well as antioxidants that help reduce the risk of serious health conditions like cancer, diabetes, stroke, and heart disease. Okra is also a good source of Magnesium.
The research speaks to a relationship between the past, the present and the future.
The other herb that was investigated was Kola Nut, which is also said to have originated from West Africa.
In Igbo Culture in Nigeria Kola Nut is the first thing to be served to a visitor as they believe that it symbolizes peace and shows one is welcomed in peace. It symbolizes peace, unity, reconciliation, integrity, life, fraternity, hospitality, goodwill and kindness.
Dr. Kyagaba said that there is an argument that non-European peoples may have served on projects of imperial medicine, but the full extent of their pharmaceutical and medical knowledge was concealed, ignored, and sometimes lost. This contribution by the slaves ought to have been documented, Dr. Kyagaba argues.
The researchers found that Sloane’s writings were biased and prejudiced. The contribution of African slaves or their names were omitted from Sloane’s catalogue and yet they had a big role to play in the civilization of the Americas.
Between 1517 and 1867, about 12.5 million Africans were forced into slavery. These Africans were purchased by Europeans and sold in the Americas for a profit. In spite of their contributions to civilization, there is not enough documentation of the same. Dr. Kyagaba in her submission called for documentation of these forgotten history. ‘It is important for African historians to write and reconstruct and deconstruct history that has been given to us. Above all let the learners together with their teachers engage in a collaborative interpretation of the historical narratives presented to them.’
Dr. Kakeeto Mary a key panelist of the webinar joined the conversation and conceptualized Modern Slavery. She said that Slavery is not only historical, today over 50 million people are victims of modern slavery which is mainly affecting the Global South.
She defined modern slavery in a number of ways: when an individual is exploited by others, for personal or commercial gain. Whether tricked, coerced, or forced, they lose their freedom. That manifestations of modern slavery include but is not limited to human/child/drug trafficking, forced labour, debt bondage, force marriages, sex slavery among others.
Many people who joined the online discussion through the metimeter link chats agreed with Dr. Kakeeto that modern slavery exists in many countries citing the enslavement of Ugandans who travel to the Arab world in search of employment. ‘Unlike the historical slavery, Modern slavery is disguised!’.
Additionally, Dr. Zaid Sekitto remarked that, youths are taken to the Arab world by labour companies that pay little or no attention to them, their health insurance once they get to the homes of their employers. That, the Business and Human Rights Resource Centre recently reported a family of a Ugandan lady that had allegedly been physically harmed by her employer in Saudi Arabia until her death. That, the most vulnerable groups are: women, young girls and children.
Discussants of the Webinar proposed solutions for addressing modern Slavery by calling on the government to create employment for Ugandans, enforce skills as reflected in the Competency based curriculum at the secondary level, empowerment, respect for cultures and women, create awareness and sensitization about the modern slavery and its ills, as well as implement anti-slavery laws and promote fair labor laws and practices.
Makerere University has been selected to participate in Phase 2 of the e-Learning Initiative aimed at the development of a five-year digital pedagogy transformation roadmap (2025-2030).
This noble task championed by the College of Education and External Studies (CEES) through its expert team at the Institute of Open, Distance and e-Learning (IODeL) will shape the future of e-learning and digital education in Uganda.
In phase 2, the Mastercard Foundation commits to supporting e-Learning and digital transformation based on the needs of each institution. Makerere University’s consideration for Phase 2 follows the successful implementation of phase 1 of the Mastercard Foundation Scholars Program e-Learning Initiative (2021-2024), which registered remarkable achievements.
‘In a bid to consolidate the gains of phase 1 and transition into a digitally resilient and learner-centred institution, Makerere University has been selected to participate in phase 2 of the e-Learning Initiative. Led by the Mastercard Foundation in partnership with Arizona State University (ASU), phase 2 aims to support partner universities in designing and implementing a five-year digital pedagogy transformation roadmap (2025-2030),” highlighted Prof. Paul Birevu Muyinda, the Director of IODeL.
Speaking at the co-creation workshop held on 24th April 2025 at Speke Resort Munyonyo, Prof. Birevu Muyinda said: “During phase 1, Makerere University registered significant achievements in e-Learning. I am glad that you have convened here today during the e-Learning Digital Transformation workshop, to receive the dissemination results as we work together to prepare for phase 2, which focuses on the unique needs for each institution.”
Through phase 1, which aimed at enhancing the e-learning capabilities of partner institutions, Makerere University strengthened the existing Makerere University e-Learning Environment (MUELE), conducted onboarding workshops for the university leadership, trained teaching staff and students, and engaged teaching staff to develop content for online courses.
According to Prof. Birevu Muyinda, the specific achievements of phase 1 of the e-Learning initiative included the following:
- Training of 1,280 faculty members
- Development of 2,579 courses out of 2,560 representing 100.74%
- Development of four (4) support services modules
- Capacity building for over 7,000 students
- Training and recruitment of 32 e-Learning champions
- Upgrading of the Makerere University e-Learning Environment (MUELE)
- Acquisition of e-Learning infrastructure namely five (5) multi-media studios, a video streaming server and all in one printers.
The co-creation workshop for phase 2 and dissemination of results for the concluded phase 1, brought on board over 75 participants comprising members of Makerere University Management, the Principal and staff of the College of Education and External Studies, a representative from the Ministry of Education and Sports, student leaders, the media, the Directorate for ICT Support (DICTS), Mastercard Foundation, Arizona State University(ASU)-USA, and a representative sample of staff from academic and administrative units of Makerere University.
Facilitated by Arizona State University (ASU) working closely with IODeL, the interactive co-creation sessions involved taking into account the milestones from phase 1 and leveraging the successes, as well as coming up with proposed strategies for phase 2.
The co-creation workshop involved understanding the concept transformation road mapping, using a grid to identify the current state of e-Learning and digital transformation at Makerere University and the desired state, assessment alignment on shared vision for the current and the desired state, and identifying learner needs in line with the desired state, among other items.
The workshop adopted a holistic approach to digital transformation focusing on the following themes: teaching and learning, student services, instructional infrastructure, leadership and culture, and partnerships. For each cluster, the participants proposed immediate, short-term and long-term strategies with respect to digital transformation in those processes. With each group presenting during the plenary sessions, the co-creation workshop was a success. The ideas were captured instantly feeding into the proposal for the phase 2 e-learning digital transformation roadmap (2025-2030).
At this highly participatory workshop, reaching consensus was a key factor in determining the ideas that were included in the proposal.
In addition to the aforementioned clusters, some of the broader aspects that the co-creation teams highlighted should be prioritized included:
- Adoption of e-supervision of students
- Increasing enrollment of international students through e-Learning
- Reducing the digital divide among learners
- Ensuring digital inclusion with programs sensitive to learners with disabilities
- Capacity building programmes for administrative support
Opening the co-creation workshop, Prof. Buyinza Mukadasi, Ag. Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academic Affairs) of Makerere University, conveyed the congratulatory messages from the University Council and Management on the successful completion of phase 1 and its remarkable achievements.
On behalf of the University Management, Prof. Buyinza said, phase 2 of the e-Learning Initiative should be a revolutionary phase, igniting Makerere University to be a key player in digital education and integration of technologies.
Reflecting on youth empowerment, Prof. Buyinza highlighted that phase 2 is student-centred with e-Learning and digital pedagogies addressing the needs of learners. In addition, Prof. Buyinza underscored that this approach will increase the number of students accessing quality education programmes at Makerere University at the national and international levels.
The Ag. Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academic Affairs) commended the Mastercard Foundation for partnering with Makerere University to empower the young people through education and technological advancements. Prof. Buyinza acknowledged the collaboration with the Mastercard Foundation and Arizona State University (ASU) for building the capacity of faculty at Makerere University.
Emphasizing the importance of building capacity, retooling and reshaping the curriculum to produce graduates who meet the demands of the modern workforce, Prof. Buyinza re-affirmed that Makerere University is a learning institution committed to embracing new approaches. He recognized the Institute of Open, Distance and e-Learning (IODeL) for holding onboarding workshops for the University leadership, staff and students in phase 1.
Prof. Buyinza testified that the onboarding sessions changed his perception, and transformed him into a firm believer in positioning e-Learning to champion the digital transformation agenda at Makerere University. He disclosed that he is a “convert” to the transformative potential of technology integration, learner-centeredness, industry partnerships, and lifelong learning, key features of University 5.0.
He urged participants to utilize the co-creation e-Learning digital transformation workshop to define institutional needs and expectations, allowing for a more rapid and collaborative advancement into the “revolutionary” phase 2.
Building on the Prof. Buyinza’s submission, the Principal of the College of Education and External Studies, Prof. Anthony Muwagga Mugagga informed the participants that phase 2, which focuses on e-Learning and digital transformation should empower the faculty and university at large to provide inclusive education. He implored the co-creation team and stakeholders to come up with digital strategies for students who are visually impaired and those with hearing impairments.
Prof. Mugagga emphasized the importance of continuous learning and self-examination, stating that even a professor should strive to be open to new knowledge. With reference to Socrates’ philosophy, he suggested that a life devoid of learning is not worth living.
In a moving testimony, the Principal explained that he is always learning new ideas from his techy savvy son. Prof. Mugagga shared that his son continues to be instrumental in teaching him online safety principles and techniques. This experience underscored the generational gap in digital literacy and the importance of adapting to the evolving digital landscape.
The Principal expressed his hope to learn from the workshop, acknowledging that digital transformation requires everyone to be proactive in acquiring new skills.
On behalf of the students, Hon. Julius Kiganda, the Minister of Academic Affairs at Makerere University commended the organisers for including students in the e-Learning digital transformation workshop. Hon. Kiganda pledged active participation in the training to ensure that the interests of the students are effectively captured.
Evaluating phase 1, Ann Nielsen from Mastercard Foundation recognized that the institutions had built a solid foundation, prompting a transition into phase 2 to address the unique needs of each university.
“Phase 2 will prioritize scaling training and knowledge mobilization, offering opportunities for scholars to pursue learning design and technologies, graduate certificates, master’s degrees, and professional certificates tailored for individuals seeking instructional design knowledge.
“Mastercard Foundation will emphasize inclusive learning practices, collaborating with experts to ensure accessibility and equity. The Foundation aims to enhance digital infrastructure, focusing on student support systems, quality management, and data-driven decision-making in order to meet diverse learner needs,” Nielsen explained.
The Foundation revealed that the ultimate goal is to collectively impact policies across the continent, advocating for e-learning as a valid and accredited pathway to quality education. Recognizing the network’s growing maturity, the initiative aims to position participating universities as leaders and resources, fostering collaborative learning and co-creation.
The Foundation’s participation stems from a belief in the future of young Africans, seeking to equip them with education and skills to fulfill their careers by strengthening institutions and scaling innovative solutions through technology. The focus shifts from a reactive response to a sustainable and long-term initiative.
Regan Matsiko, the IT Officer at the Ministry of Education and Sports, highlighted the Ministry’s commitment to digital advancement, drawing on prior experience with the national digital transformation roadmap initiated by the Ministry of ICT. “This roadmap, built on five key pillars including digital scaling and infrastructure development, serves as a foundation for current initiatives within the education sector.”
Matsiko emphasized the Ministry of Education and Sports’ development of a digital agenda last year as demonstration of a proactive approach to integrating technology.
He commended the partnership with universities in developing e-learning programs. Matsiko noted a shift towards a more integrated structure within the Ministry, where the ICT department now includes a dedicated e-learning department working directly with university partners, demonstrating a unified push for digital transformation in education.
The voices from key stakeholders set the stage for an interactive and high participatory training session. Lara Rabala the facilitator of the training outlined the primary objectives. These included: To collaboratively envision e-learning-driven classrooms, not only for the host institution but also for external partners, aligning proposed initiatives with McKinney’s strategies and broader community programs.
She noted that a key focus will be on formulating recommendations that correspond with critical areas to drive the development of a roadmap and implementation plan.
Labala stressed that the aim is to establish a clear vision for the future, crafting a transformative roadmap and a practical implementation plan. This roadmap will serve as the foundation for a tangible proposal to attract funding and partnerships, articulating the vision and direction for key learning and behavioral transformation.
Trainees were encouraged to respect the past as the foundation for the present and future, while also imagining innovative possibilities. Trainees, regardless of their expertise, were urged to maintain curiosity, open-mindedness, and value every voice.
The co-creation sessions featured the following clusters:
- Teaching and learning: Digital strategy, pedagogical services, faculty development and staff support
- Student services: Engagement-enrollment, Administrative support and Academic Support
- Instructional Infrastructure: Connectivity, Educational technology, and Instructional design learning analysis
- Leadership and Culture: Internal stakeholders, Leadership structure, Governance models, Innovative Culture
- Partnerships: Development, Evaluation and External Stakeholders
Closing the co-creation workshop, Prof. Birevu Muyinda said: “The exercise has presented us with an understanding of the major activities to be undertaken and the key priorities.”
With the support of the Mastercard Foundation and other partners, Makerere University is focused to develop a comprehensive e-learning roadmap, driving innovation and excellence in education.
Education
University of Zululand Explores collaboration in decolonization of curriculum and teaching of Kiswahili and isiZulu languages
On 29th April 2025, a delegation from the University of Zululand, South Africa led by the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Engagement and Transformation), Prof. Byron A. Brown visited the College of Education and External Studies (CEES) at Makerere University to discuss collaboration opportunities specific to decolonization of the curriculum in African universities, teaching pedagogies and re-positioning of African languages in education institutions.
The term decolonization of education is a central theme within the African Union’s agenda 2063, which envisions a united and self-reliant Africa. This agenda emphasizes the need for an education system that reflects African values, knowledge systems, and cultural identities, further supporting the ongoing push for integrating indigenous knowledge into formal education.
Underscoring the value of collaboration between Makerere University and the University of Zululand, Prof. Brown stated that both institutions will be in position to promote African values and knowledge, promote local languages and develop a socially responsive decolonized pedagogy.
It is envisaged that Makerere University’s rich history and impact on the African continent will significantly enrich the University of Zululand’s project aimed at building authentic African universities.
In the morning hours, the delegation from the University of Zululand held a strategic meeting with the Vice Chancellor of Makerere University, Prof. Barnabas Nawangwe and some members of Makerere University Management. Quoting the proceedings of the meeting, Prof. Brown was pleased to note that Makerere University has ten (10) Colleges and a significant number of Schools and Departments, which will play a central role in the collaboration.
At the core of this interaction was the language question, which is central in the decolonization agenda with several researched opinions and respected voices at the national and global levels advocating for re-positioning of local or African languages.
Consequently, at the College of Education and External Studies, the delegation interacted with staff from the Kiswahili Section under the Department of Humanities and Language Education where issues of knowledge decolonization and exchanges were central.
During the interaction, Prof. Brown highlighted that the University of Zululand is committed to the implementation of the theme that focuses on strong institutions, education and social justice.
Stating the main purpose for visiting the Kiswahili section, Dr. Bongephiwe Myeni Gladness, a Lecturer at the Department of African Languages and Culture, University of Zululand highlighted that they are interested in introducing Kiswahili as one of the African languages at the University of Zululand.
“We have some interventions such as taking Kiswahili to Zululand, working on the online teaching and internationalization program. We are promoting research in African languages. We have students that are doing research in isiZulu,” she said.
Dr. Bongephiwe reiterated that their objective is to create collaborations with African Universities. Highlighting that Kenyatta University and Moi University in Kenya were onboard, they visited Makerere University to interact with the University Management and faculty on matters pertaining to decolonization of the curriculum and academic exchange.
Building on the commitment that the delegation from the University of Zululand had received from the Vice Chancellor and the University Management, Dr. Caesar Jjingo, a Lecturer specializing in Kiswahili language pedagogies and materials development highlighted the readiness of the teaching staff to participate in the collaboration aimed at promoting the Kiswahili and isiZulu languages.
“It was an insightful engagement with the delegation in relation to pedagogy, research collaboration and language students’ exchanges purposely to advance the teaching of Kiswahili and isiZulu languages at the University of Zululand and Makerere University, respectively,” said Dr. Jjingo.
With the short term, medium and long term strategies being undertaken by the College of Education and External Studies to decolonize education in East Africa, the coming on board of the University of Zululand from South Africa expands the spectrum to the African continent.
On 9th and 10th April 2025, the College of Education and External Studies at Makerere University hosted the 3rd East African Teacher Education Symposium under the theme, “Curriculum Development and Decolonization of Education in East Africa.”
Supported by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), the Capacity Building for Research-Based Teacher Education (CABUTE) project with its partner institutions namely Makerere University, Kyambogo University, University of Bergen in Norway, Western Norway University of Life Sciences and the Uganda National Institute for Teacher Education (UNITE) played a pivotal role in making the decolonization of education a topical issue.
During the symposium, experts called for the integration of indigenous knowledge into Uganda’s education system to make learning more relevant, practical, culturally aligned with the communities.
The Keynote Speaker, Prof. Proscovia Namubiru, the Acting Vice Chancellor at UNITE highlighted that much of Africa’s indigenous knowledge was suppressed during the colonial period. She noted that the pre-colonial African knowledge in various fields-was often deemed “satanic” or primitive by missionaries and colonial leaders. This view led to the promotion of Western educational models, which largely ignored and erased the indigenous practices.
Prof. Namubiru advocated for a holistic multi-disciplinary approach that values indigenous practices alongside formal education. “Education institutions must form strong, respectful relationships with communities to ensure that indigenous knowledge is shared appropriately,” she said.
Tackling the key factor of language, Prof. Namubiru decried the practice of suppressing the local languages or African languages, and promoting the foreign languages.
She observed that even when the colonialists left, schools and universities in Uganda have continued to promote foreign languages to the detriment of African languages. She reminded the audience about the practices in different schools where learners are punished for speaking vernacular. According to Prof. Namubiru, referring to local languages as “vernacular” was aimed at making them inferior.
Acknowledging that decolonization of the curriculum should bring on board everyone, a step that involves starting with liberating the mind of each individual, Prof. Namubiru urged the participants to start with the small steps for instance stopping the punishments for speaking “Vernacular” and popularizing the usage of the local or African languages.
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