Business & Management
Exploring Africa’s Growth and Global Challenges: Participants rallied on effective utilization of resources, and adoption of green economy strategies
By Ritah Namisango and Monica Meeme
On 19th August 2025, the College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS) at Makerere University, hosted a public presentation titled “Africa’s Growth Trends and Prospects in Light of Evolving Global Challenges.”
Dr. Paul Mpuga, a visiting Scholar and Division Manager for Microeconomic Policy, Debt Sustainability, and Forecasting in the Economic Governance and Knowledge Management Vice-Presidency of the African Development Bank Group, delivered the presentation, which attracted both physical and virtual participants, comprising researchers, teaching staff, graduate, and undergraduate students.
The presentation covered critical topics including: Regional differences in growth performance and outlook, Inflation in Africa, Opportunities and Challenges to growth, emerging risks, and key policy recommendations.
The presentation provided valuable insights into the current economic challenges and opportunities facing Africa. His analysis highlighted the importance of sound policies, economic integration, and investment in key sectors such as education, infrastructure, and green growth. The discussion emphasized the need for collaboration among governments, the private sector, and academia to drive sustainable development and inclusive growth across the continent.
Welcoming the participants, Associate Professor Faisal Buyinza, the Acting Dean of the School of Economics, emphasized that Dr. Mpuga’s work is significant not only for his academic contributions, but also for his role as a mentor, having taught and influenced many of the current faculty members.
“His impressive career journey, which began at the World Bank’s Kampala office and later took him to Ethiopia and other countries, reflects his deep expertise in key economic roles across the continent,” said Associate Professor Buyinza. He disclosed that Dr. Mpuga’s extensive experience has significantly contributed to the development of macroeconomic design and policy skills, an asset particularly crucial as Uganda navigates current economic challenges.
In addition to his professional achievements, the Acting Dean of the School of Economics commended the humanitarian spirit of Dr. Mpuga, recalling how he used to share meals with street children in Uganda, reflecting his compassion and values beyond academia.
In his address, the College Principal, Prof. Edward Bbaale welcomed Prof. Mpuga back to Makerere University. “Dr. Mpuga is a former Lecturer. Today, he returns to the School of Economics, his academic home, to share with us, his versatile knowledge, experience and expertise on a topic crucial for Africa’s transformation,” said the Principal. He commended Dr. Mpuga’s decision to deliver the presentation, highlighting that such academic engagements are vital and should become a regular part of the College’s culture.
Reiterating the role of knowledge sharing and mentorship within the academic community, the Principal shared his personal testimony, acknowledging Dr. Mpuga’s pivotal role in his own academic journey. He recounted how Dr. Mpuga mentored him early in his career by including his name on a research project—an opportunity that opened doors to numerous collaborations, professional growth, and academic advancement.
The Principal called upon the staff and students present to embrace a culture of regular academic public presentations, such as lunch-hour sessions across the School of Economics, School of Business, and the School of Statistics and Planning. He noted the close connections between the disciplines, highlighting the potential for cross-disciplinary learning and collaboration. The Principal emphasized that as Makerere University implements its research agenda, sustained academic engagement is a key defining aspect of this identity.
Prof. Bbaale affirmed the College’s support for such initiatives, including modest research grants that have already enabled the publication of around 70 research papers, soon to be compiled under the CoBAMS Working Paper Series.
Expressing the commitment to this strategic approach, the College Principal used the opportunity to introduce Dr. Peter Babyenda, a Lecturer at the School of Economics, who was appointed as the College’s Policy Engagement Coordinator to support academic activities. Prof. Bbaale assured all in attendance of the maximum support for this initiative and encouraged active participation from everyone.
Beginning his presentation, Dr. Paul Mpuga, Division Manager at the African Development Bank, offered a comprehensive overview of Africa’s economic realities, challenges, and opportunities. He emphasized that economic progress is not driven by sentiment, but by certainty, sound policies, and strategic investment.
Using a simple analogy, Dr. Mpuga explained that a baker doesn’t bake bread unless they are sure it will sell. In the same way, investors and entrepreneurs, will only take risks in economies where policy certainty and confidence are assured. He underscored the urgent need for policy coherence and economic stability, both globally and within African nations.
Reiterating the importance of Domestic Revenue Mobilization, Dr. Mpuga noted that Africa’s average tax-to-GDP ratio stands at just 17%—significantly lower than the 25–28% seen in more advanced economies such as South Africa and Botswana. These countries are able to finance up to 90% of their expenditures through domestic revenues, a target that many others on the continent still struggle to achieve.
He underscored the urgent need for reforms in tax systems and public finance management to reduce the over-reliance on external borrowing. “Africa requires an estimated $150–$170 billion annually for infrastructure development, yet currently mobilizes only about $80 billion, leaving a funding gap of $70–$100 billion,” he stated.
Dr. Mpuga emphasized that infrastructure such as roads, energy, water systems, and transport is not a luxury, but a necessity for connecting production to markets and driving sustainable development.
He stated that youth unemployment remains alarmingly high, with 30–40% of African youth (aged 15–34) unemployed in some countries. “Many young people are not in education, employment, or training, leading to wasted talent and increasing social risks,” he highlighted. He emphasized the need for greater investment in skills development and education, noting that sustainable economic transformation depends on a well-equipped and empowered workforce.
Dr. Mpuga pointed out that economic integration and managed migration are strategies that can boost GDP growth, enhance policy stability, and reduce export concentration.
He noted that, despite being one of the regions most affected by climate change, Africa has made limited progress in green growth investments. “The continent is rich in natural resources, yet underutilized in terms of climate-smart development,” he stated.
He indicated a major opportunity gap, when he disclosed that the global green economy is valued at an estimated $3 trillion, but Africa’s private sector participation stands at only 14%.
He advocated for greater private sector involvement, the adoption of green infrastructure practices, and natural capital accounting to help African countries value, protect, and benefit from their resources.
For Africa to realise inclusive growth, Dr. Mpuga highlighted the following practical policy recommendations:
- Improving fiscal transparency and efficiency
- Strengthening tax administration using digital tools
- Aligning monetary and fiscal policy, especially around inflation targeting
- Building foreign reserves to cushion against shocks
- Ensuring debt is used for productive investments such as energy and infrastructure
- Accelerating structural reforms and economic diversification
- Promoting integrated infrastructure planning (for instance roads with energy and ICT links)
- Investing in value addition and agro-processing to uplift rural economies
Using a humorous reference to Uganda’s famous grasshopper delicacies, Dr. Mpuga illustrated the need for economic transformation, saying, “We need to move beyond traditional activities and create value chains that can package and export even local foods globally. We shouldn’t be running to donors every day when we sit on so much wealth,” he noted. “Let us value what we have, manage it well, and build a prosperous, united, and green Africa.”
Responding to the questions, Dr. Mpuga emphasized the importance of formalizing economies, strengthening trade links, and building public confidence through sound policy frameworks such as inflation targeting and social contracts. He cautioned against excessive reliance on Artificial Intelligence in academic and professional settings. “AI can be useful for checking work or assisting with calculations, but it cannot replace human thought, creativity, or critical reasoning,” he advised.
Dr. Mpuga mentioned the need for better monitoring and maintenance systems, such as ensuring broken streetlights are tracked and fixed, drawing attention to practical governance concerns that affect everyday life.
Monica Meeme contributed to this story as a Guest Writer
Business & Management
Driving Sustainable Growth: Eco-Efficiency and Cleaner Production are vital in shaping the future of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
By Ritah Namisango and Christopher Kaahwa
On Wednesday, 15th April 2026, the School of Business under the College of Business and Management Sciences (CoBAMS) at Makerere University hosted a project dissemination workshop that brought together researchers, practitioners, policymakers and faculty members.
The workshop focused on the presentation of findings and policy recommendations from the research project titled: Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda.
Opening the workshop, Associate Professor Godfrey Akileng, the Dean, School of Business represented by Dr. Anthony Tibaingana, the Head, Department of Marketing and Management welcomed participants and highlighted the role of research in connecting Makerere University to the wider community.
He noted that MSMEs form the backbone of Uganda’s economy making up the largest share of businesses across sectors and because of this, any meaningful research must speak directly to their realities.
The Dean of the School of Business commended the project team namely Dr. Marion Nanyanzi, Dr. Kasim Sendawula, and Associate Professor Peter K. Turyakira, for positively contributing to the university’s goal of being a research-led institution.
He explained that Eco-Efficiency (EE) is about using available resources wisely not just for today, but for tomorrow and generations to come. “In a country where most businesses operate on a small scale, understanding how to produce more with less is essential,” he said.
Dr. Tibaingana acknowledged the government of Uganda through the Makerere University Research and Innovation Fund (MakRIF) for funding the research project titled, Promoting Eco-Efficiency (EE) and Cleaner Production (CP) for sustainable development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda. He recognized Professor Fred Masagazi Masaazi, Chairperson of the Mak RIF Grants Management Committee (GMC) and thanked him, for gracing the dissemination workshop with his personal presence.
Achieving sustainable growth through eco-efficiency and cleaner production
The main presentation led by Dr. Marion Nanyanzi, the Principal Investigator (P.I.) unpacked the research project in a detailed and practical way. At its core, the study explored how MSMEs, particularly in the Food and Beverage (F&B) Service sector in Uganda can achieve sustainable growth by balancing three key areas: economic performance, environmental responsibility and social contribution.
From a social perspective, Dr. Nanyanzi stated that businesses were found to be playing an important role in creating jobs, supporting local suppliers, and contributing to community activities. She added that the study was also focused on reducing environmental harmful practices such as reliance on charcoal and firewood and adopting cleaner energy sources that would economically yield increased profits for enterprises.
The study revealed that while these enterprises significantly contribute to employment and government revenue, they face serious constraints pointing out that high operational costs especially electricity remain a major challenge. “ So, many businesses are forced to turn to cheaper alternatives that are harmful to both health and environment creating a difficult balance between survival and sustainability,” she said.
Amidst these challenges, the study highlighted the resilience and creativity of entrepreneurs. It was found out that many business owners have developed coping strategies to remain operational with some of them adjusting production depending on customer flow especially in areas such as Kampala where demand fluctuates with academic calendars. Dr. Nanyanzi noted that other entrepreneurs have found ways to manage resources more carefully for instance through switching on refrigerators at night when electricity tariffs are lower or re-using water to reduce costs.
Makerere University Guest House highlights its cleaner production strategy
Adding a practical perspective to the study, Mr. Patrick Ojiambo Lwande, the manager of Makerere University Guest House shared how cleaner production is being implemented by the facility in its everyday operations. He mentioned that the facility undertakes waste segregation, recycling and proper waste management as key practices. “Organic waste is separated and repurposed, recyclable materials are re-used and hazardous waste is carefully handled to avoid environmental pollution,” he stated.
Appreciation of eco-efficiency and cleaner production measures
These practices reflect an emerging understanding of eco-efficiency by business owners who are beginning to recognize that reducing waste and conserving resources can directly improve their production line.
The study also found out that many enterprises are making efforts towards cleaner production. Hygiene standards are being improved, waste is better managed and emissions are controlled through simple measures such as chimneys and ventilation system. In some cases, food waste is used as animal feed while other organic materials are re-used in farming. However, the progress to transition towards more sustainable practices is slowed down by various obstacles including limited financial capacity, lack of technical skills and low awareness among business owners.
Key recommendations
To address these gaps, the project team proposed the following practical recommendations:
- Increasing access to affordable financing by government and financial institutions through introducing subsidies, grants, or low-interest green financing schemes to support investment in cleaner production technologies,
- Promoting public-private partnerships to lower the cost of eco-efficient equipment and infrastructure,
- Undertaking capacity building and training programmes, awareness and sensitization campaigns,
- Strengthening institutional and regulatory frameworks, research and innovation support,
- Providing support for small and informal businesses by designing tailored interventions for micro and small enterprises, and
- Encouraging business clustering and cooperative models to enable shared access to eco-efficient technologies and resources.
MakRIF supports research that addresses national priorities
Professor Fred Masagazi Masaazi, Chairperson of Mak-RIF Grants Management Committee (GMC) emphasized the importance of research that addresses national priorities, noting that government support for research is meant to generate practical solutions.
Professor Masagazi Masaazi highlighted the critical role of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda’s economy, describing the research presented as both timely and relevant. “This is exactly the kind of research Uganda needs — research that directly impacts society and supports economic transformation,” he said.
He encouraged researchers to explore collaborations across disciplines. “Bringing together expertise from different fields can lead to stronger and more impact-oriented solutions that respond to the country’s development needs,” he added. He also called for greater engagement with policymakers and industry players during dissemination.
Research and Industry pathways
The Dean, School of Business, Associate Professor Godfrey Akileng urged researchers, faculty and participants at the dissemination workshop to rethink how research translates into real economic value, emphasizing stronger research to industry pathways at Makerere University and beyond.
Promoting environmental compliance
Mr. Peter Ssekajja, Senior Environmental Officer (Cleaner Production), National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) informed participants about the ongoing efforts to promote environmental compliance, referencing the establishment of a Compliance Assistance Unit and the introduction of the National Environment Sustainability Awards as some of the supporting measures.
He stated that these initiatives aim to support businesses in adopting sustainable practices while recognizing those that are leading the way. “Environment is no longer just about enforcement, but also about guidance, innovation and collaboration,” he emphasized.
Mr. Ssekajja reflected on the changing nature of environmental challenges as populations grow and resources becoming more strained. He appealed for efficient and responsible use of resources by business owners. He implored the business owners to consider sustainability not as a burden, but as an opportunity.
Participants enlightened on eco-efficiency and cleaner production
Dr. Jude Mugarura, the Head, Department of Marketing and Management, appreciated the dissemination workshop which presented them with an opportunity to listen to both the research project team and two practitioners namely Makerere University Guest House, and the National Management Environment Authority (NEMA). “We are therefore able to bridge the academia and the field of practice,” said Dr. Mugarura.
Dr. Seperia Bwadene Wanyama, from the School of Business, thanked Mr. Peter Ssekajja from NEMA for his presentation on cleaner production and eco-efficiency, which demonstrated to the participants some of the day-to-day wasteful practices with respect to resources, that they were engaged in, without knowing the implications. A key highlight focused on the usage of water in toilets which indicates the button to press after a short call, and the one to press after a long call, which would greatly save water consumption. “Learning is a continuous process. I have learned from the presentations of the findings by the research project team, as well as, Mr. Peter Ssekajja, who provided an informative presentation on real life practices on eco-efficiency and cleaner production.”
Conclusion: Toward a Clean and Resilient Economy
The workshop concluded with a strong call for collective action to support MSMEs in adopting eco-efficient practices. With the right support, small businesses can become engines of sustainable development. “This study provides practical insights that, if implemented, can transform MSMEs into drivers of sustainable development,” Dr. Sendawula emphasized.
Overall, the research outlines a clear pathway toward a greener, more resilient Ugandan economy—where MSMEs thrive while contributing to environmental sustainability and social well-being.
Academics, researchers and students at Makerere University have been urged to deepen research into whether international donors cooperate or compete in the provision of aid, amid growing concerns that shifts by major funders could significantly affect service delivery in developing countries.
The call was made during a public lecture delivered on April 16, 2026, by French economist Nathalie Ferriere, titled “Donor Cooperation or Competition: What Do We Know from Economics Research and What Should We Investigate.” The lecture, part of the Environment for Development Initiative seminar series, attracted faculty, researchers and students .
Ferriere, an Associate Professor at Sciences Po Aix affiliated with the Aix-Marseille School of Economics, is in Uganda for a two-week research engagement involving consultations with government institutions including the Ministries of Finance and Health as well as local governments.
Study Donor Reactions to Aid Withdrawals
Ferriere said her research focuses on how donors respond when a major funder withdraws support particularly in sensitive sectors such as family planning.
“My research here is about the interaction between family planning providers’ aid. I look at how the withdrawal of US aid in given years affects the spending of other donors,” she explained.
She noted that her findings show a delayed but concerning pattern.
“Once the US stops giving family planning aid, other donors at the beginning do not react for one or two years but after, they also start to reduce funding,” she said.
Ferriere warned that such trends could have direct implications for countries like Uganda, where a significant portion of health services relies on foreign aid.
“If you have a decrease in this aid, you will have a decrease in family planning provision,” she said adding that governments must anticipate such shifts.
“If you want to keep the same level of services, the government should increase its own expenditure. My next research will be to understand how governments respond in such situations,” she added.
Lecture Opens New Research Frontiers
College Principal and EfD centre Director Edward Bbaale described the lecture as timely and aligned with the university’s strategic direction to strengthen research and international collaboration.
“The topic speaks a lot to me because it opens up research frontiers. What should we really take on as researchers? How else can we look at cooperation or competition in terms of aid?” Bbaale said.
He commended Ferriere for partnering with Makerere researchers on aid-related studies, noting that such collaborations are critical for building a research-driven institution.
“We are excited that of all universities in Africa, you chose to work with researchers from Makerere University,” he said.
Bbaale emphasized that the university is positioning itself as a research-led institution, with internationalization and partnerships at its core.
“A research university is not only about teaching. It is about meetings like this to exchange ideas, to understand where we are and where we are going,” he added.
Donor Behaviour Key to Development Outcomes
Lecturer John Bosco Oryema said the lecture underscored the importance of understanding donor dynamics for countries dependent on external funding.
“When a big donor behaves in a specific way, other donors will follow in the same way,” Oryema noted.
“For developing countries that depend on aid, we need to study the behaviour of our donors. When one reduces, others may also reduce, and our development interventions may fail,” he warned.
Researcher Alice Nalwera highlighted the tendency of donors to align their decisions based on actions taken by leading funders.
“Most donors tend to cooperate and follow what others are doing. There is an aspect of information sharing,” she said.
“What the US is doing will greatly influence what other donors do in terms of disbursement,” she added..
Evelyn Nizame, a third-year economics student said cooperation among donors is essential.
“It is very important for donors to cooperate on key projects to deliver quality services to the people,” she said.
Another student, Nabakoza Joan, emphasized the risks of fragmented aid. “When there is a lot of competition, there is fragmentation of funds. But if donors cooperate under one policy, it leads to better outcomes for developing countries,” she explained.
Business & Management
EfD Uganda sends off internee Ruth Asiimwe to African Development Bank, prides in strong mentorship
Environment for Development (EfD) Centre at Makerere University on 16th April 2026 bid farewell to its third intern, Ruth Asiimwe, who has secured a position with the African Development Bank in Juba South Sudan, with staff and alumni hailing the programme’s growing record of nurturing top talent.
Asiimwe’s departure adds to a list of successful transitions by EfD interns into key national and international institutions. The centre’s first intern, Alice Nalweera, joined the Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC) before becoming an assistant lecturer at Makerere University’s School of Economics, while the second, Lean Ankunda, was recruited by the Bank of Uganda.
Speaking at the farewell, Policy Engagement Specialist Peter Babyenda said Asiimwe’s achievement reflects the strength of EfD’s mentorship model.
“In the same way we bid farewell to Alice and Lean as they moved on to EPRC and Bank of Uganda respectively, today we are here again because of the mentorship we are providing,” Babyenda said. “Ruth is now joining the African Development Bank in Juba, and we are proud of her.”
Babyenda also credited the EfD leadership and partners, noting that the Sida-funded centre, established in 2019, has consistently invested in building research capacity among young scholars.
“We started this mentorship programme to help students learn from what we are doing and become researchers. Wherever you go, please represent us well,” he added.
“A nursery bed for young professionals”
The Director of the EfD Makerere Centre, Prof. Edward Bbaale, described the centre as a “nursery bed” for young professionals, emphasizing its role in shaping future leaders.
“EfD is a place where we nurture seedlings and later transplant them into the main garden. Ruth has been very diligent and professional, and I have no doubt she will represent us well,” Bbaale said.
He added that Asiimwe’s move extends the centre’s influence beyond Uganda. “She is not leaving the EfD network; rather, our footprint is expanding to the African Development Bank and to another country. This makes collaboration easier and strengthens our presence.”
Centre Manager and Supervisor Gyaviira Ssewankambo said the internship programme was introduced to strengthen internal capacity and has since evolved into a critical talent pipeline.
“Ruth has made us proud. She set a high benchmark, and we expect those coming in to build on that,” Ssewankambo said.
Research Fellow Dr. Nicholas Kilimani highlighted the importance of targeted mentorship and talent identification in building a strong team.
“We are dealing with highly specialised talent. The approach of identifying and nurturing dedicated young professionals has paid off, and Ruth is a clear example,” he said.
Staff members also praised Asiimwe’s character, describing her as humble, disciplined, and professional. Data Manager Fred Kasalirwe noted that beyond academic excellence, her soft skills set her apart.
“You may be academically strong, but without soft skills it is difficult to thrive. Ruth is extremely humble and will blend well in any environment,” he said.
Administrative Officer Hilda Makune echoed similar sentiments, saying Asiimwe’s positive attitude and interpersonal skills made her stand out.
“We will miss her. Her humility and teamwork have been exceptional, and we are confident she will represent us well,” Makune said.
Alice Nalwera, the pioneer intern, urged Asiimwe to uphold the centre’s reputation and inspire others.
“Wherever we go, we carry EfD with us. Talk good about the centre and inspire other young women to follow this path,” Nalwera said.
In her remarks, Asiimwe credited EfD for shaping her professional journey, emphasizing the importance of a supportive work environment.
“I have learned that working in a good environment with supportive leadership motivates you to do better. EfD has given me that foundation,” she said.
She also thanked her supervisors and colleagues for mentorship and guidance, noting that the experience had prepared her for the demands of her new role.
Asiimwe’s departure coincided with the introduction of a new intern, Kevin Apolot, who takes over as the centre continues its mentorship programme aimed at producing the next generation of researchers and policy professionals.
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