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The African Critical Illness Outcomes Study (ACIOS): a point prevalence study of critical illness in 22 nations in Africa

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The African Critical Illness Outcome Study (ACIOS) is the largest study to date on critical illness in Africa, highlighting a significant burden of life-threatening conditions in hospitals across the continent. The study aimed to assess the prevalence, management, and outcomes of critically ill patients while identifying gaps in essential emergency and critical care (EECC).

Associate Professor Arthur Kwizera (College of Health Sciences, Makerere University) was a Co-Investigator and National Lead for Uganda in partnership with researchers from Europe and Africa.

A Research publication detailing the study was published in the Lancet and can be downloaded here: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)02846-0/fulltext

Key Findings

  • High Prevalence of Critical Illness: One in eight hospital inpatients (12.5%) in Africa are critically ill.
  • High Mortality Rate: Critically ill patients face a 21% seven-day mortality rate, significantly higher than the 2.7% mortality for non-critically ill patients.
  • Limited Access to Intensive Care: Nearly 70% of critically ill patients receive care in general hospital wards rather than intensive care units (ICUs) or high-dependency units.
  • Insufficient Emergency Care: Over 56% of critically ill patients do not receive essential emergency and critical care (EECC), including oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, and airway management.

Significance
The study provides first-of-its-kind epidemiological data on critical illness across multiple African countries. The findings highlight severe gaps in emergency care infrastructure and resources, emphasizing the need for investment in low-cost, lifesaving interventions to reduce mortality. Addressing these gaps through EECC can save many lives without requiring high-cost ICU infrastructure.

Study Methodology
ACIOS was a multi-country prospective study, involving 20,000 patients from 180 hospitals in 22 African countries. Investigators assessed all adult inpatients (≥18 years) across different hospitals, identifying those with severely deranged vital signs. Patients were then followed up over seven days to determine their health outcomes. Additionally, the study collected hospital resource availability data to assess the readiness of facilities to provide critical care.

Funding and Collaboration
The study was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Global Health Group in Perioperative and Critical Care (NIHR133850) with Professors Rupert Pearse and Bruce Biccard as PIs, and conducted in partnership with Makerere University (Uganda) led by Associate Professor Arthur Kwizera (as Co-PI and national lead), Busitema University (Uganda) led by Dr Adam Hewitt Smith, University of Cape Town (South Africa) led by Bruce Biccard, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (Tanzania) Led by Dr Tim Baker, Queen Mary University of London (UK), the African Perioperative Research Group, and the EECC Network.

Policy Implications
The findings call for urgent action by health policymakers and hospital administrators to:

  • Strengthen emergency and critical care services in general hospital wards.
  • Improve the availability of essential life-saving interventions such as oxygen therapy and IV fluids.
  • Train healthcare workers in essential emergency and critical care (EECC) protocols to enhance patient outcomes.

Relevance to Uganda
Uganda, like many African countries, faces a severe shortage of ICU beds and critical care services. The study underscores the urgent need for investment in critical care infrastructure and workforce training to improve survival rates among critically ill patients.

Conclusion
The ACIOS study is a wake-up call for Africa’s healthcare systems, urging greater focus on low-cost, high-impact interventions that can significantly reduce mortality among critically ill patients. By prioritizing essential emergency and critical care, health systems can improve survival rates without requiring large investments in ICU infrastructure.

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EU Earmarks Shs19.8bn for 15 Joint PhD Scholarships in Health, Environment Research

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(L-R) Prof. Stella Neema, Dr Herbert Muyinda, Vice Chancellor, Prof. Barnabas Nawangwe, Prof. Lotte Meinert, Prof. Julius Kikooma, and Dr. Godfrey Siu take a photo moment at Makerere Univerity. HEALENAE (Health and Environment in Africa and Europe) project support to doctoral research examining the complex links between environmental change, climate crises and health outcomes, with a strong focus on Africa Europe comparative perspectives, 27th January 2026 Child Health and Development Centre (CHDC), College of Health Sciences (CHS), and Aarhus University meeting with the Vice Chancellor, Main Building, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

By Violet Nabatanzi & Zaam Ssali

The European Union has earmarked Euros 4,658,684 approximately (Shs19.8 billion) to fully fund 15 PhD scholarships under a new international collaborative research programme that brings together seven universities across Africa and Europe, including Makerere University.

The project, dubbed HEALENAE (Health and Environment in Africa and Europe), will support doctoral research examining the complex links between environmental change, climate crises and health outcomes, with a strong focus on Africa Europe comparative perspectives.

The scholarships are open to anthropologists, social scientists and related humanities scholars who hold an internationally recognised Master’s degree and are interested in pursuing a joint PhD (dual degree).

Dual degrees across continents

Successful candidates will be enrolled at two universities one in Africa and one in Europe and will graduate with a joint or dual PhD degree. The consortium brings together Makerere University, University of Oslo, University of Cape Town, KU Leuven, University of Edinburgh, University of Nairobi, and Aarhus University.

The PhD research areas include:

  • Metabolic impact: agricultural intensification and health transformations
  • Climate change migration and care for the elderly. 
  • Toxic layering in a precarious world: environmental harms and well-being.
  • Livestock and natural resource management: biodiversity and zoonotic diseases.
  • Epidemics, disease and state formation in Africa.
  • Climate crisis, youth migration, adaption and associated health outcomes.
  • Toxicity: urban living in landscapes of extraction.
  • Gendered cancer epidemics and questions about environments
  • Infrastructures of toxic evidence and civic protection
  • Biosecurity: food, health risks and animal disease.
  • Non Communicable Diseases, environments and questions of repair.
  • Urban commons: environments, infrastructures, and health.
  • Youth mental health and gambling epidemics in times of environmental crisis.
  • Epidemics and natural disasters as ‘business’.
  • The Frontiers of Vector Borne Disease: Expertise and Response in Africa and Europe.

Dr. Godfrey Siu, the University’s Senior Lecturer and Director of the Child Health and Development Centre (CHDC); Dr. Herbert Muyinda, Senior Lecturer; Prof. Stella Neema from the Department of Sociology and Anthropology; alongside Prof. Lotte Meinert of Aarhus University will jointly supervise the students, together with other PhD supervisors from other collaborating Universities.

On Tuesday, January 27, Prof. Julius Kikooma, Director of the Directorate of Graduate Training at Makerere University, Dr Siu, Dr Muyinda, and Prof.  Neema alongside Prof. Lotte paid a courtesy visit to the University’s Vice Chancellor, Prof. Barnabas Nawangwe.

Prof. Nawangwe welcomed the funding and commended the EU for its support, noting that the generous contribution reflects the confidence the EU has in Makerere University. He added that the University is working hard to address the loophole previously raised by the EU regarding the implementation of EU-funded grants. The Vice Chancellor congratulated the team and pledged the University’s full support to ensure the project’s successful implementation.

Who should apply

Speaking in an interview, Prof. Lotte said the program is particularly suited for candidates with strong grounding in anthropology, sociology and related social sciences.

Eligible candidates must have an internationally recognised Master’s degree in anthropology or related social sciences and humanities disciplines.

Lotte added that the positions are fully funded for three years, with generous support for fieldwork, coursework, conferences, writing retreats and research training.

Candidates are expected to conduct up to 12 months of fieldwork. They will be enrolled at both universities and are required to spend at least one semester at the partner institution.

A first for Uganda

According to Dr Siu, the HEALENAE model where fifteen joint PhDs are funded under one programme is the first of its kind in Uganda.

Addressing concerns about differing academic expectations across universities, Dr Siu said these are anticipated and manageable.

“While there are some differences, PhD training globally follows a similar structure. For instance, Makerere requires all PhD students to complete mandatory cross-cutting courses, including philosophy of methods, advanced research methods, and scholarly writing and communication skills,” he said.

In addition, students will attend writing retreats and specialised training schools, some of which will be hosted at Makerere University and the University of Nairobi, aimed at sharpening their research and analytical skills.

Prof. Kikooma briefed the team on the structure of the PhD program at Makerere University and provided guidance on how to align the dual program with the University’s framework.

He also pledged his support and expressed optimism that the program offers new opportunities for Makerere University to learn from and strengthen dual programs. The initiative aligns with Makerere’s vision of becoming a research-led university through intensified PhD training.

Application deadline

Interested candidates are encouraged to visit the HEALENAE website for detailed calls and application guidelines.  The deadline for applications is March 1, 2026.

The application link is provided below.

https://phd.arts.au.dk/applicants/open-and-specific-calls/healenae-project-2

For further information contact: godfrey.siu@mak.ac.ug

Zaam Ssali
Zaam Ssali

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Call For Applications: MakNCD Masters and PhD Training Opportunities

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An aerial photo of the College of Health Sciences (CHS), Makerere University showing Left to Right: The Sir Albert Cook Memorial Library, School of Biomedical Sciences, Davies Lecture Theatre, School of Public Health, Mulago Specialised Women and Neonatal Hospital (MSWNH)-Background Left and Nakasero Hill-Background Right, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

The Makerere University Non-Communicable Disease (MAK-NCD) Research Training Program is a research capacity building program based at Makerere University College of Health Sciences with collaboration at John Hopkins University and funded by the United States National Institute of Health-Fogarty International Centre (D43TW011401). The overall goal of this training program is to develop a comprehensive mentored research-training program in Uganda that will build local capacity to address the challenges of NCD control and management and promote the use of research findings to inform decision-making and policy.

PhD Fellowship

The PhD fellowship support is for up to three (3) years (full-time), subject to annual performance reviews and progress milestones. Successful scholars will be registered at Makerere University and may undertake sponsored didactic research methods training at the Johns Hopkins University (JHU), USA, to receive additional skills development and mentorship in NCD research. This call is targeting mainly junior researchers with interest in building an independent research career in noncommunicable diseases research with focus on Epidemiology, Data Science and Implementation Science research to strengthen evidence-based interventions, policy and control in Uganda.

Masters Fellowship

MakNCD is pleased to invite applications for Master’s level training in the following disciplines: Master of Public Health (MPH), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Public Health monitoring and Evaluation. These training opportunities are intended to build a critical mass of professionals equipped with research, leadership, health systems, and management skills relevant to addressing the growing burden of NCDs in low- and middle-income countries.

Application Deadline: 23rd February 2025; Only shortlisted candidates will be contacted.

See below for detailed adverts

Zaam Ssali
Zaam Ssali

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Course Announcement: Certificate in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (CWASH) – 2026

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Graduands of the 2025 Certificate Course in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (CWASH) pose for a group photo at the Makerere University School of Public Health, following the successful completion of the short course in July 2025. Makerere University School of Public Health, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

Makerere University School of Public Health (MakSPH) is pleased to announce the Certificate Course in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (CWASH) – 2026.

This intensive and practical short course is designed to strengthen the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of professionals involved in the planning, implementation, and management of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services. The programme responds to the growing demand for competent WASH practitioners in local government, non-governmental organisations, and the private sector.

Course Highlights

  • Duration: 8 weeks (01 June – 24 July 2026)
  • Mode: Day programme (classroom-based learning and field attachment)
  • Fees:
    • UGX 900,000 (Ugandans / East African Community)
    • USD 500 (International participants)
  • Application deadline: Friday, 27 March 2026

Who Should Apply?

  • Practising officers in the WASH sector
  • Environmental Health workers seeking Continuous Professional Development (CPD)
  • Applicants with at least UACE (or equivalent) and one year of WASH-related work experience

More Information

Additional details on course structure, modules, and delivery are available at: https://sph.mak.ac.ug/academics/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash

Important Note for Applicants

Attached to this announcement, interested persons will find:

  1. The course flier, providing comprehensive programme details, and
  2. The application form, which should be completed and returned to MakSPH together with the required supporting documents.

For full course details, application procedures, and contact information, please carefully review the attached documents. Eligible and interested applicants are strongly encouraged to apply before the deadline and take advantage of this opportunity to build practical competence in WASH service delivery.

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